• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.579-590
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of Ephedra sinica pharmacopuncture on the weight and lipid metabolism of obese mice.Methods: Obesity was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by a 60% fat diet. The animals were divided into three groups (n=5) fed a normal diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet with Ephedra sinica pharmacopuncture. After 13 wk, fasting blood sugar levels were measured in each group, and oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted. After 15 wk, body weight, epididymal fat pad weight, subcutaneous fat pad weight, and serum lipid and gene expression of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), perilipin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ were measured in each group.Results: In the Ephedra group, body weight, fasting blood sugar, and oral glucose tolerance were significantly decreased. In addition, in the Ephedra group, the gene expression of HSL was significantly increased, whereas that of perilipin was significantly decreased.Conclusions: These results provide evidence that E. sinicapharmacopuncture affects obesity and obesity-induced metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, by activating lipolysis via the HSL pathway in adipose tissue.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2021

This study investigated the IGF-1 signal in specific tissues using Pacific oysters artificially matured via water temperature elevation. Pacific oysters were subjected to water temperature elevation from March to June, and 20 were randomly sampled each month. The condition index (CI) and tissue weight rate (TWR) were examined by measuring shell length, shell height, shell width, and soft tissue weight. The IGF-1 signal in tissues (adductor muscle, digestive glands, gills, labial palps, mantle edges, and gonads) was analyzed by sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting. From April to June, the TWR of females and males increased from 19.1±2.9 to 21.0±3.6 and 18.2±2.0 to 19.2±2.5, respectively, while the CI remained the same. The IGF-1 signal in each tissue differed. IGF-1 was expressed in the adductor muscle, while tyrosine was expressed in all tissues. The phosphor (p)-ERK and p-AKT activities were high in the adductor muscle, mantle edge, and gonads. IGF-1 signaling affected the growth and maturity of the Pacific oysters examined.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1542-1547
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• 2005

The Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) are two important candidate genes related to fat deposition and carcass traits. MC4R was found on study on human obesity and then was studied as candidate gene affecting food intake and fat deposition traits in mice and pigs. Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) gene plays an important role on tumor cell proliferation and muscle growth. It also affects fat traits and live weight in pigs. In this paper, MC4R and IGF2 were studied as two candidate genes associated with important economic traits such as fat deposition and carcass traits in five different pig populations. Taq I-PCR-RFLP and Bcn I-PCR-RFLP were respectively used to detect the polymorphism of genotypes of MC4R and IGF2 genes. Different MC4R genotype frequencies were observed in four populations. IGF2 genotype frequencies were also different in two populations. The results of association analysis show both MC4R and IGF2 genes were significantly associated with fat deposition and carcass traits in about 300 pigs. This work will add new evidence of MC4R and IGF2 affecting fat deposition and carcass traits in pigs and show that two genes can be used as important candidate genes for marker assistant selection (MAS) of growth and lean meat percentage in pigs.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 1999

산자수는 돼지의 번식능력에 있어 경제적 형질 중 중요한 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 최근 IGF-Ⅰ이 임신유지와 태아의 성장발달에 역할을 하는 것은 보고되어 있으나 산자수에 따른 혈청 IGF-Ⅰ연구는 부족한 상태이다. 그러므로 본 연구는 돼지의 산자수 그룹에 따른 혈청 IGF-I 농도 및 산자수에 관여하는 ER 유전자 다형성 분석을 통해 혈청 IGF-Ⅰ 농도에 대한 조사를 하고자 한다. 혈청은 산자수 높은 그룹과 낮은 그룹의 임신 45일부터 105령일 까지 모아 RIA로 IGF-Ⅰ의 농도를 측정하였으며 측정결과 두 그룹간에 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으나 점차적으로 떨어지는 경향을 보여 주었다. 또한 ER 유전자 다형성 분석에 따른 혈청내 IGF-Ⅰ농도는 산자수 낮은 그룹을 나타내는 단편의 IGF-Ⅰ농도가 높게 나타내는 단편에 IGF-Ⅰ농도보다 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 돼지의 내분비 물질 중 혈청내 IGF-Ⅰ이 돼지의 산자수와는 관련이 없으나 ER의 발현을 동시에 관찰한다면 돼지 산자수률 예측할 수 있다는 가능성을 제시할 수 있으며, 돼지의 번식기관 중 배란율에 관여하는 난소의 IGF-Ⅰ발현양상 등의 연구가 추후 진행될 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2022

Lupeol은 pentacyclic triterpene의 일종으로 다양한 질병에 약리 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되어 있으나, lupeol이 포도당 흡수에 미치는 영향은 아직 보고된 바 없다. 본 연구에서 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 포도당 흡수에 대한 lupeol의 효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과, Lupeol은 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 GLUT4를 원형질막으로 이동시켜 포도당 흡수를 촉진하였으며, 이는 PI3K/AKT 및 AMPK 경로의 활성화와 관련되어 있었다. PI3K/AKT 경로에서 lupeol은 PI3K를 활성화시키는 insulin receptor substrate 1의 인산화와 AKT의 인산화를 촉진하지만 비정형 단백질 키나아제 C isoforms ζ 및 λ의 인산화는 촉진하지 않았다. 반면, lupeol은 5 'AMP-activated protein kinase의 인산화를 촉진하였고, Lupeol의 의한 AMPK의 활성화는 원형질막-GLUT4의 발현과 세포내 포도당 흡수를 증가시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 lupeol에 의한 포도당 흡수 효과는 PI3K 억제제인 wortmannin 및 AMPK 억제제인 Compound C에 의해 억제됨을 통해 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 lupeol이 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 PI3K/AKT 및 AMPK 경로를 통해 원형질막 GLUT4의 발현을 자극함으로써 인슐린 감수성을 증가시켜 포도당 흡수를 촉진할 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.439-448
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• 2018

Objective: Myogenic satellite cells were isolated from semitendinosus muscle of prepubertal Korean black goat to observe the differential effect of linolenic and retinoic acid in thepresence of thiazolidinediones (TZD) and also to observe the production insulin sensitive preadipocyte. Methods: Cells were characterized for their stemness with cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), CD13, CD106, CD44, Vimentin surface markers using flow cytometry. Cells characterized themselves as possessing significant (p<0.05) levels of CD13, CD34, CD106, Vimentin revealing their stemness potential. Goat myogenic satellite cells also exhibited CD44, indicating that they possessed a % of stemness factors of adipose lineage apart from their inherent stemness of paxillin factors 3/7. Results: Cells during proliferation stayed absolutely and firmly within the myogenic fate without any external cues and continued to show a significant (p<0.05) fusion index % to express myogenic differentiation, myosin heavy chain, and smooth muscle actin in 2% horse serum. However, confluent myogenic satellite cells were the ones easily turning into adipogenic lineage. Intriguingly, upregulation in adipose specific genetic markers such as peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor ${\gamma}$, adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$ were observed and confirmed in all given treatments. However, the amount of adipogenesis was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01) with linolenic acid as compared to retinoic acid in combination with TZD's. Conclusion: Retinoic acid was found to produce smaller preadipocytes which have been assumed to have insulin sensitization and hence retinoic acid could be used as a potential agent to sensitize tissues to insulin in combination with TZD's to treat diabetic conditions in humans and animals in future.

• 생약학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2008

Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insufficient insulin secretion or insulin receptor insensitivity to endogenous insulin. It is well-known that hyperglycemia is one of the main causes of oxidative stress in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. Oxidative stress is related by death of pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell and dysfunction of ${\beta}$ cell. Although ${\beta}$ cell death or dysfunction is induced by many substances or molecules, increased evidences that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in ${\beta}$ cell death or dysfunction. Considering the importance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, we investigated the cytoprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell line RIN-m5F cell. 110 Plant sources were collected in Mt. Baek-du, and extracted with methanol. These extracts had been screened the protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in RIN-m5F cells at 50 and 200 ${\mu}g$/ml. Of these, ten methanolic extracts, aerial part of Erigenron cannadensis, aerial part of Lespedeza juncea, whole plant of Alopecurus aequalis, fruit of Lycium chinense, leaf of Morus alba, rhizome of Polygonatum odoratum, root of Ampelosis japonica, whole plant of Ranunculus japonicus, aerial part of Polygonum sieboldii, rhizome of Arisaema amurense var. violaceum showed significant protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell line RIN-m5F cell.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.322-327
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• 2012

This study investigated the hypothesis that a sorghum extract exerts anti-diabetic effects through a mechanism that improves insulin sensitivity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-${\gamma}$) from adipose tissue. Seven C57BL/6 mice were fed an AIN-93M diet with fat consisting of 10% of total energy intake (LF) for 14 weeks, and 21 mice were fed a high-fat AIN diet with 60% of calories derived from fat (HF). From week 8, the HF diet-fed mice were orally administered either saline (HF group), 0.5% (0.5% SE group), or 1% sorghum extract (1% SE group) for 6 weeks (n = 7/group). Perirenal fat content was significantly lower in the 0.5% SE and 1% SE groups than that in the HF mice. Levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and the area under the curve for glucose were significantly lower in mice administered 0.5% SE and 1% SE than those in HF mice. Serum insulin level was significantly lower in mice administered 1% SE than that in HF mice or those given 0.5% SE. PPAR-${\gamma}$ expression was significantly higher, whereas the expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ was significantly lower in mice given 1% SE compared to those in the HF mice. Adiponectin expression was also significantly higher in mice given 0.5% SE and 1% SE than that in the HF mice. These results suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of SE may be related with the regulation of PPAR-${\gamma}$-mediated metabolism in this mouse model.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2005

Earlier we have reported the antidiabetic activity of fresh juice of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) and its correlation with 5-HT receptor antagonism. Since 6-gingerol the marker compound of Z. officinale is reported to posses 5-HT anatgonistic activity, the present investigation, was undertaken to find out the concentration of 6-gingerol present in methanolic extract of Z. officinale and its different fractions (petroleum ether, toluene and chloroform). We also evaluated these fractions for antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neonatal type 2 diabetic rats. Fasting glucose and insulin levels in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) rats were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher than control rats and these were significantly decreased by treatment with methanolic extract of Z. officinale and its fractions. The results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that methanolic extract and its fractions significantly (P < 0.05) decreased both STZ-induced increase in $AUC_{glucose}$ and $AUC_{insulin}$ values in NIDDM groups. Treatment with petroleum ether fraction produced a greater reduction in elevated glucose and $AUC_{glucose}$ levels as compared to treatment with other fractions. Treatment with methanolic extract of Z. officinale and its fractions also produced significant reduction in the elevated lipid, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels in NIDDM rats. The effect of petroleum ether fraction on elevated lipid, SGOT and SGPT levels was significantly greater as compared to treatment with other fractions. The concentration of 6-gingerol was found to be maximum in petroleum ether fraction (11.430%) and minimum in chloroform fraction (0.973%). The methanolic extract and toluene fraction was found to contain 3.080% and 2.191 %, 6-gingerol respectively. In conclusion, our data suggest that methonolic extract and its fractions possess significant antidiabetic activity in NIDDM rats. The extent of activity appears to be dependent on the concentration of 6-gingerol present in the extract or its fractions.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2019

Objectives: We investigated whether membrane free stem cell extract from adipose tissue (MFSCE) has anti-diabetic effect. Methods: To determine glucose uptake effect of MFSCE, we carried out glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The regulatory mechanisms of MFSCE on glucose uptake were examined by Western blot analysis. Results: When MFSCE was treated to adipocytes at the concentration of 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 ㎍/mL, 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate uptake was elevated approximately 1.8-fold compared to cells not treated with MFSCE. It indicated that MFSCE enhances glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, MFSCE reduced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 at serine 307 and induced Akt and glucose transporter 4 protein expressions that were related to insulin signaling. Furthermore, MFSCE regulated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway by increases of increase phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase that were related to AMPK pathway. Conclusions: These results indicated that MFSCE promotes glucose uptake via modulation of insulin signaling and AMPK pathway. Therefore, MFSCE could be a promising agent for treatment of diabetes mellitus.