• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.699-705
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• 2005

Transgender is the severe type of gender identity disorder. The prevalence rate of transgender is reported to occur to about 1 out of 50,000 men, and about 1 out of 10,000 women. As for Korea, it is estimated to have about 1400 transgender patients. Lately, not only the numbers of them are increasing but also they are influencing our society increasingly. As for female transgender patients, they take female hormone for a long term before and even after the operation to maintain their physical identity of female. We have analyzed insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1), insulin like growth factor protein binding-3(IGFBP-3), female hormone, male hormone and thyroid hormone in female transgender patients who have undergone the gender reassignment operation. We examined the changes of hormone level due to having female hormone steadily, and also examined how the steady use of the hormone could affect body organs. As for IGF-1, it showed significantly low in the female transgender group compared to control ($319.30{\pm}37.4$ vs $539{\pm}55.0$, p<0.05). As for IGFBP-3, there was no significant difference ($2859{\pm}200.3$ vs $2607{\pm}262.5$, p>0.05). As for female hormone, there was no significant differences in FSH($13.42{\pm}13.8$ vs $8.95{\pm}3.5$, p>0.05), estradiol($104.41{\pm}97.1$ vs $121.68{\pm}60.2$, p>0.05), and LH($7.62{\pm}5.6$ vs $7.4{\pm}3.3$, p>0.05). Even in comparison of testosterone, there was no significant differences($0.23{\pm}0.09$ vs $0.33{\pm}1.33$, p>0.05). As for thyroid hormone, there was no significant differences in TSH and free T4($1.34{\pm}0.94$ vs $1.71{\pm}0.12$, $1.4{\pm}0.37$ vs $1.46{\pm}0.17$, p>0.05). Therefore, this study concludes that apart from the decreased level of IGF-1, the possible endocrine side-effect problem due to female hormone seems to be low because there was no differences of female, male, and thyroid hormone level compared with normal female. Further study will be required in metabolic change including bone metabolism occurred by decrease level of IGF-I.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2019

붉바리(Epinephelus akaara) 종자생산 시 기형 발생에 의한 손실이 크지만 기형어에 대한 생물학적 정보는 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 부화 후 96일 붉바리 치어를 정상 그룹과 두 유형의 기형 그룹(머리, 턱)으로 나누어 형태형성과 연관된 4개의 주요 유전자(insulin like growth factor 1: IGF-1, bone morphogenic protein 4: BMP4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ: PPARγ, matrix Gla protein: MGP) 발현을 조사하였다. 각 그룹에서 뇌, 간 및 근육을 잘라낸 다음 total RNA를 추출한 후 real-time PCR을 사용하여 유전자 발현 차이를 비교하였다(n=20). 부화 후 96일 붉바리 치어에서 IGF-1과 BMP4 유전자는 기형 그룹의 뇌와 간에서 정상 그룹과 비교하여 유의한 발현 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 반면에 PPARγ와 MGP 유전자는 어떤 조직에서도 정상 그룹과 기형 그룹 사이에 유의한 발현 차이를 보이지 않았다. IGF-1과 BMP4 유전자는 치어 단계의 붉바리 기형 상태와 관련되어 있는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2005

한국재래 자에서 부화 후부터 성숙에 이르는 시기까지 황체형성호르몬 자극에 대한 고환내 testosterone 생성과 혈청내 황체형성호르몬, estradiol, IGF-I 및 testosterone 농도의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 부화 후 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 28, 32, 44, 52 및 64주령(n=13마리/일령)의 한국재래 닭을 이용하여 방사면역측정법을 적용하여 이 연구를 수행하였다. 혈청내 estradiol의 농도는4주령과 비교하여 8, 12, 16, 21, 32 및 44주령에서는 차이가 없었으나 52주령과 64주령에서는 큰 폭으로 증가하였다. 혈청내 황체 형성호르몬의 농도는 $1\~12$주령까지는 유의성이 없었고 14주령부터 32주령까지 점진적으로 증가한 다음 유의성 있게 감소하였으며 32주령에 최고치와 2주령에 최저치를 나타내었다. 혈청내 IGF-I의 농도는 $1\~16$주령까지는 유의성 있게 증가하였으나 이후에는 변화가 없이 낮게 유지되었다. 혈청내 testosterone농도는 1, 2, 4 및 8주령에는 유의성이 없고 $10\~32$주령까지 유의성있게 증가하였으며 $24\~32$주령 및 $32\~64$주령에서는 유의성이 없었다. 황체형성호르몬 자극에 대한 고환내 testosterone 생성은 $1\~32$주령까지 유의성 있게 증가하였고 $44\~64$주령까지는 큰 폭으로 감소하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.878-885
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• 2017

Objective: Glucose is an essential fuel in the energy metabolism and synthesis pathways of all mammalian cells. In lactating animals, glucose is the major precursor for lactose and is a substrate for the synthesis of milk proteins and fat in mammary secretory (alveolar) epithelial cells. However, clear utilization of glucose in mammary cells during lactogenesis is still unknown, due to the lack of in vitro analyzing models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the reliability of the mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cell as an in vitro study model for glucose metabolism and lactating system. Methods: Undifferentiated MAC-T cells were cultured in three types of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with varying levels of glucose (no-glucose: 0 g/L, low-glucose: 1 g/L, and high-glucose: 4.5 g/L) for 8 d, after which differentiation to casein secretion was induced. Cell proliferation and expression levels of apoptotic genes, Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor, oxytocin receptor, ${\alpha}S1$, ${\alpha}S2$, and ${\beta}$ casein genes were analyzed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 d after differentiation. Results: The proliferation of MAC-T cells with high-glucose treatment was seen to be significantly higher. Expression of apoptotic genes was not affected in any group. However, expression levels of the mammary development related gene (IGF1 receptor) and lactation related gene (oxytocin receptor) were significantly higher in the low-glucose group. Expressions of ${\alpha}S1-casein$, ${\alpha}S2-casein$, and ${\beta}-casein$ were also higher in the low-glucose treated group as compared to that in the no-glucose and high-glucose groups. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that although a high-glucose environment increases cell proliferation in MAC-T cells, a low-glucose treatment to MAC-T cells induces higher expression of casein genes. Our results suggest that the MAC-T cells may be used as an in vitro model to analyze mammary cell development and lactation connected with precise biological effects.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.1756-1762
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• 2011

이 연구 목적은 기수를 대상으로 공복 시 반복적인 모의 경주마 운동 시 그렐린과 관련 호르몬의 관계를 규명하고자 한다. 공복의 기수와 기수후보생들은 경마의 첫 번째 단거리 1000 m, 두 번째 중거리 1700 m 세 번째 장거리 2300 m의 반복적인 모의 경주마 운동 전과 직후 정맥혈을 채혈하여 그렐린, 렙틴, 인슐린, IGF-I과 코티졸을 분석하였다. 피어슨 상관관계에서 기수후보생이 3차 운동 후 글레린과 인슐린 농도가 r= .55를 나타내었다. 기수의 운동 전 글레린과 렙틴 농도가 r= .73으로 운동전 글레린 렙틴 수준이 통계적으로 유의성(p<.05) 있는 관계와 기수후보생이 글레린과 코티졸 농도에서 r= .64를 나타내었다. 글레린 렙틴 인슐린 IGF-1 농도는 운동전에 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 없이 1차 운동 후 증가와 2차, 3차 감소, 경마기수와 후보생보도 통계적으로 유의성 없는 차이를 나타내었다. 경마기수에 비교 하여 후보생은 1차 2차, 3차 운동에서 통계적으로 유의성 있게 IGF-1는 낮게(p<.05) 코티졸 농도는 높게(p<.001) 나타내었다. 연구결과 반복적인 모의 경주마 운동으로 인한 에너지 소모 반응에서 기수후보생의 3차 운동에서 만이 글레린과 인슐린의 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of herbal medicine on bone growth and growth factors by collecting and analyzing domestic and foreign experimental research papers to establish a platform for future research. Methods Experimental studies published before March 2021 were searched using 7 Korean databases and 2 foreign databases. Among the numbers of studies searched, 48 experimental studies met the criteria and were selected. The results of those 48 studies upon herbal medicine administration were analyzed by bone growth, growth plate, weight. Results 23 studies mainly used monotherapy of either Astragali Radix and Cervi Parvum Cornu. 28 studies used combination of Poria Sclerotium, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, and Acanthopanacis Cortex. Among all studies selected, weight, bone growth, Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and Growth hormone (GH) were increased, but the increase was significant only in some of the studies. Conclusions The result of this study can be utilized as a background information for further studies and treatment in pediatric growth. Further randomized control studies are needed to underscore the finding.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.532-539
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• 2014

Peripheral neuropathy induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy is not only difficult to distinguish in clinical practice, but also difficult to relieve the pain symptoms by analgesics because of the severity of the disease at the later stage. Hence, to explore the mechanisms of HIV-related neuropathy and find new therapeutic options are particularly important for relieving neuropathic pain symptoms of the patients. In the present study, primary cultured embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were used to determine the neurotoxic effects of HIV-gp120 protein and/or antiretroviral drug dideoxycytidine (ddC) and the therapeutic actions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on gp120- or ddC-induced neurotoxicity. DRG neurons were exposed to gp120 (500 pmol/L), ddC ($50{\mu}mol/L$), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus ddC ($50{\mu}mol/L$), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), ddC ($50{\mu}mol/L$) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus ddC ($50{\mu}mol/L$) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), respectively, for 72 hours. The results showed that gp120 and/or ddC caused neurotoxicity of primary cultured DRG neurons. Interestingly, the severity of neurotoxicity induced by gp120 and ddC was different in different subpopulation of DRG neurons. gp120 mainly affected large diameter DRG neurons (> $25{\mu}m$), whereas ddC mainly affected small diameter DRG neurons (${\leq}25{\mu}m$). IGF-1 could reverse the neurotoxicity induced by gp120 and/or ddC on small, but not large, DRG neurons. These data provide new insights in elucidating the pathogenesis of HIV infection- or antiretroviral therapy-related peripheral neuropathy and facilitating the development of novel treatment strategies.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제62권7호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2019

Purpose: To analyze the growth response to growth hormone (GH) therapy in prepubertal patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) harboring different genetic mutations. Methods: Twenty-three patients with prepubertal NS treated at Pusan National University Children's Hospital between March 2009 and July 2017 were enrolled. According to the disease-causing genes identified, the patients with NS were divided into 4 groups. Three groups were positive for mutations of the PTPN11, RAF1, and SOS1 genes. The five genes undetected (FGU) group was negative for PTPN11, RAF1, SOS1, KRAS, and BRAF gene mutations. The influence of genotype was retrospectively analyzed by comparing the growth parameters after GH therapy. Results: The mean chronological age at the start of GH treatment was $5.85{\pm}2.67years$. At the beginning of the GH treatment, the height standard deviation score (SDS), growth velocity (GV), and lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF)-1 levels were not statistically different among the groups. All the 23 NS patients had significantly increased height SDS and serum IGF-1 level during the 3 years of treatment. GV was highest during the first year of treatment. During the 3 years of GH therapy, the PTPN11, RAF1, and SOS1 groups showed less improvement in height SDS, IGF-1 SDS, and GV, and less increase in bone age-to-chronological age ratio than the FGU group. Conclusion: The 3-year GH therapy in the 23 prepubertal patients with NS was effective in improving height SDS, GV, and serum IGF-1 levels. The FGU group showed a better response to recombinant human GH therapy than the PTPN11, RAF1, and SOS1 groups.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.177-191
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• 2009

Objectives To evaluate the effect of InsamGobonHwan (IGH) on growth of rats. Methods We divided male Sprague-Dawley rats into 4 groups(IGHE1, IGHE2, IGHE3 and sham group). IGHE1, IGHE2, IGHE3 groups were administered with IGHE water extracts once a day at the dose of 1,000, 500 and 250mg/kg/$10m{ell}$ for 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks. Sham group was administered with normal saline with using the same method. We measured body weight, amount of body weight increasing, length of femur, serum Growth Hormone(GH), serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-I(IGF-I), serum Thyroid-stimulating Hormone(TSH) and serum testosterone at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks of experiment. Results The body weight and the changes of body weight increased significantly in IGHE1 group compared to sham group after 2 and 3 weeks, and in IGHE2 group after 2 weeks. The lengths of the femur increased significantly in IGHE1 group as compared with sham group after 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and in IGHE3 group after 1 week. The level of IGF-I in the serum increased significantly in S1 group as compared tosham group after 1 and 3 weeks, and in IGHE13 group after 3 weeks. The level of TSH in the serum increased significantly in IGHE1group as compared to sham group after 2 and 3 weeks. The level of GH and testosterone in the serum does not change significantly. Conclusions SGT have an effect of promoting growth of rats and might be effect to treat various kinds of growth delay in children.

• 종양간호연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.120-127
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was secondary analysis to explore about risk factors with breast cancer on a basis of primary literature. Methods: This study was searched articles by using CINAHL, MEDLINE, Riss4u, Internet website regarding breast cancer. This study searched for the journal published in Korea and foreign countries from 2000 to 2008, about risk factors of breast cancer. This study was reviewed 42 articles (5 experimental study, 35 survey, 1 qualitative study, 1 report) suitable for the research objectives. Results: Magnitude of risk breast cancer (++) was age, geographic region, family history, mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2 genes and in other penetrance genes, radiation, history of benign breast disease, late age of menopause, early age of menarch, nulliparity and older age at first birth, high mammographic breast density, high insulin-like growth factor 1 level. Magnitude of risk factor (+) was hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives use, obesity, tall stature, alcohol consumption, high prolactin level, high saturated fat and well-done meat intake, polymorphisms in low penetrance gene, high socioeconomic status. Conclusion: A breast cancer screening protocol according to magnitude of risk factors is needed for disease prevention. The nurses need to educate and counsel women with risk factors of breast cancer.