• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.155-174
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• 2010

In many cases, street vendors are means of living and/or a solution to unemployment for low income group. Street vendors have both of positive and negative effects on traditional market revitalization. This two-sided perspective of the vendors has produced different views of interests groups. In this study, the features of street vendors are examined to present related issues, and a survey result conducted on interests groups is presented to offer effective management measures. As traditional management about street vendors are focused on crackdown, relationship between street traders and government has been not very much mutually cooperative, and at times some traders organized groups who are against government policies. With the premise admitting street vendors as one element of distribution network, it is possible to access the management measures for street vendors in organizational, quantitative or qualitative perspectives. However, I believe it is not recommendable to enforce multi-perspective approach at a time. It is because street traders still have quite strong animosity against government policies. Therefore, serious misunderstanding and side-effects on our society could be brought if the government makes hasty and forcible attempts to legalize street vendors. In political position, overreaching actions of government could hardly produce positive results because policy making and its enforcement need each of timeliness. In a similar way, government's policies for street vendors need to come into effect gradually. Management measures for street vendors can come in short-, mid- and long-term. In short-term, government should try to reduce animosity of street traders along with minimizing institutional and political pressure on them. As a mid-term solution, plans to bring vendors over to institutional boundaries by improving them are required. Last but not least, in the long term, government should design policies which are to help street vendors settle down and maintain successfully in the boundaries. Besides, policies related to street vendors need to come in effect in a way that closely connected to interests groups and businesses because those policies would get involve many interests groups and businesses in diverse perspectives.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.84-97
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• 2000

The Necessity and Purpose of the Study Recently the number of patients with chronic diseases and the aged patients is increasing steadily. Furthermore, due to the expansion of health insurance system, the number of patients hospitalized in the general hospital is increasing at a surprising speed. However, hospitals urge the early discharge of the patients for the efficiencies of hospital administration, and therefore, the number of patients who must be taken care of in their home is also increasing. Homecare nursing is one of the health care service for the patients at home who require continual attention and care, and now increasing attentions are given to it as one of the professional nursing fields. However, it was almost impossible to find a study on the actual experiences of the homecare nurses written by their own language in Korea, that it also posed a great difficulty in understanding their diverse experience. Considering these situation, this study will help understanding of them, and provide the fundamental data on their experiences for making policies to develop homecare nursing. Methods of Research Phenomenological research method was employed to analyze the lived experiences of homecare nurses fundamentally. Data collection Data were collected from August 1998 to December 1998 from ten homecare nurses who worked for patients under the homecare nursing setting as model cases designated by Seoul Nurses Association and who agreed to the purpose of this study after listening to and understanding the explanation completely. The in-depth interview was carried at the time which was convenient both for the researcher and participants for one or two hours, and recovered with the approval participants. The first interview covered diverse and broad areas like the situation of homecare nursing, and their feelings and thoughts over it, and in the second and third interviews, more specific questions are asked. Data Analysis For the phenomenological analysis, contents analysis was employed. The data collected from the participants were analyzed into the following procedures according to Van Manen 's phenomenological analysis. 1) Reserve the preconception of the researcher by restricting it inside parenthesis. 2) Make a thorough observation of the lived experiences by insight process. 3) Analyze the contents (Find out the repetitive factors) 4) Interpret the essence found. 5) State the meaning of the interpretation. Results and discussion 1. Fear and expectation for the first visit. (unfamiliarity, awkwardness, anxiety, shivering) 2. Mingle with the family (feeling friendly with the family, becoming like a family member) 3. Being proud of her own know-how (learning the know-how, organizing alternatives, building up confidence) 4. Pity for the poor. (criticizing the current government, feeling ashamed, feeling anger) 5. Difficulty of constructing cooperative system with physicians (strenuousness, frustration) 6. Helplessness due to the lack of support system (difficulty to get supplies, annoyance, embarrassment by institutional restraints) 7. Anxiousness for heavy traffic and parking (annoyance, hastiness) 8. Ethical conflicts (pity for the patients and family, skepticism about lengthening life maintenance) 9. Burden for the possible accident (pressure, anxiety, conflict, physical exhaustion) 10. Establishment of identity as a professional (fulfillment, worth, joy) 11. Being distressed at other's ignorance

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.48
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• pp.90-108
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• 2009

While the term of the institution as social manifestation has been discussed intensively through various theoretical approaches over the last few years in Social Sciences, such a debate has been missing so far in Communication Sciences. This paper attempts a theoretical discussion about the media as an institution in the field of Communication Sciences by applying the theory of organizational sociological neo-institutionalism. This research started out with the question which influence exerts the media on organizations and participants. The media is understood as an institution in the sense of permanent monitoring systems which create a) normative expectations b) which become stronger in order to assert such normative expectations c) the norms are applied by the participants d) in this application process, the participants accept the organizations, look primarily for the chosen paragraphs and exert an influence to change the norms. Organizations orient themselves at the institutional rules, because this way, they want to gain legitimacy and support. The media unfold their influence on organizations through certain obligations in addition to the pressure of the participants who deal with the organization and the media. Thus, media cannot exert influence independent from the organizationbut the participants accept the situation, which is generated by the many conflicting processes within the organization, they analyse them and transfer them.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.716-721
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• 2015

As the severity of environmental pollution has increased, restrictions on air pollution have been strengthened. Stringent regulations have been imposed, not only on marine diesel engines but also on automotive and industrial power plants. Thus, biofuels have been directly applied in practical engines and used in training ships for basic research. Even though a high biofuel percentage cannot be used in a training ship engine for safety reasons, because this type of engine is larger than those used in institutional laboratories, the results will provide important basic information that will allow organizations to determine the status of a large output. Biodiesel fuel was studied to determine how it would affect the combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of a marine diesel generator engine. The main results can be summarized as follows. Because the physical and chemical compositions of biofuels are similar to those of diesel fuel, it was found that their practical use was possible in a training ship. The specific fuel consumption and NOx increased, whereas a tendency was found for carbon monoxide and soot to decrease. In addition, no significant pressure change difference was found between the diesel fuel and biofuels.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyze the single-dose toxicity of Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture injected into the muscle of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: All experiments were performed at Biotoxtech, an institution certified to conduct non-clinical studies under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations. Six week old SD rats reared by ORIENTBIO were chosen for this pilot study. The reason SD rats were chosen is that they have been widely used in safety tests in the field of medicine, so the results can be easily compared with many other databases. The Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture was made in a clean room at the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute (KPI, K-GMP). The constituents of the Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture are Angelicae gigantis radix, Strychni semen and Glycyrrhizae radix. These were extracted at low temperature and low pressure in an aseptic room at the KPI. Doses of Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mL, were administered to the experimental groups, and a dose of normal saline solution, 1.0 mL, was administered to the control group. This study was performed under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Biotoxtech Co., Ltd. Results: No deaths or abnormalities occurred in any of the four groups. No significant changes in weight, hematological parameters or clinical chemistry between the control group and the experimental groups were observed. To determine if abnormalities existed in any organs and tissues, we used microscopy to examine representative histological sections of each specified organ; the results showed no significant differences in any of the organs or tissues. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that treatment with Eun-Bi San pharmacopuncture is relatively safe and that its clinical use may be beneficial. Further evaluations and studies on this subject will be needed to provide more concrete evidence in support of these conclusions.

• Korea Real Estate Review
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.75-88
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the spread on housing mortgage loans. In particular, this study analyzes how the spread has a decisive effect on housing mortgage loans when a structural change occurs in the spread. For the sake of empirical analysis, this study utilizes the housing mortgage loan, housing mortgage loan interest rate, COFIX interest rate, and spread. The period of analysis is from December 2010 to December 2017. Results of the analysis show that there is a statistically significant structural change in the spread and housing mortgage loans (May and June 2015, respectively). It is estimated that the structural change in the spread has an influence on the structural change in housing mortgage loans. In addition, the effect of the spread on housing mortgage loans is larger than the effect of the COFIX interest rate and the housing mortgage loan interest rate. This indicates that the adjustment of the spread is a significant burden on housing mortgage loans. As economic uncertainties both internally and externally are increasing, pressure on interest rate hikes is also increasing. Considering these circumstances, interest rate hikes will be inevitable in the future. If the base interest rate and the spread increase simultaneously at Korea's current economic level, it will obviously lead to an economic recession as the burden on the repayment of principal and interest of housing mortgage loans will increase. Therefore, it is imperative that financial authorities prepare institutional arrangements in order to protect financial consumers by preventing arbitrary calculation of the spread, which would not be objective and would not be transparent from the banks.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.59-69
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• 2021

The Moon Jae-in administration insisted on reforming the prosecution for the reform of power institutions, and also tried to control the power of the prosecution through the establishment of a high-ranking public officials criminal investigation office. Then, what is the direction of the legal prosecution reform? Above all, it is a logic to drastically reduce the power of the prosecution. How to shrink it? First, it is necessary to control or check the power of prosecution and investigation that the prosecution has. Second, the key to the reform of the prosecution is perhaps to separate personnel rights from power. In order to exclude external pressure from the prosecution's personnel rights, there must be no instruction or intervention from the attorney general. To do this, the prosecutor general must go through various personnel evaluations, such as multi-faceted evaluation. Third, the essence of the High-ranking Officials Criminal Investigations Act is to deal with crimes of prosecutors, judges, police, and members of the National Assembly. It is also the core of the institutional mechanism to cover the corruption of one's family members while holding all the right to investigate, prosecution, and warrant claims, and to check the omnipresent prosecutors who have abused their right to investigate for political purposes. Then, what is necessary for the success of the high-ranking officials criminal investigation office? Above all, We think political neutrality is very necessary. The Ministry of Airborne has a very high authority of the Director. This paper intends to examine the functions and roles of the prosecution and high-ranking officials criminal investigation offices to prevent corruption. We analyzed the contents of the prosecution and the public officials criminal investigation office, and examined the limitations and problems, and the measures to control corruption in public offices.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.201-213
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• 2022

Creation and administration of green space are emphasized to solve the environmental problem and the management of green space in urban area. Urban area with high development pressure faces green space fragmentation, so the planned approach is needed to improve the continuity of green space. However, the current institutional green axis, used to enhance continuity of urban space is merely an abstract concept under the master plan so that is not a consistent framework for urban green continuity providing no detailed information such as position and path. Therefore, in order to consistently manage green space in continuous point of view, it is insufficient not being connected to each individual green space development projects. This study proposes a method for finding the connection path to enhance urban green space continuity. This proposed method consists of two phases. First phase is finding nodes to connect current green space and second is to calculate the least cost path. We calculate connection cost using NDMI (Normalized Difference Moisture Index), impervious ratio and official land cost, applying to Suwon city and potential greening site that was planned in official master plan. According to the results, we confirm a possibility of finding a cost-effective connection path with detailed spatial information instead of unrealistic abstract concepts and discuss worth applying to a legally plan and policy.

• Clean Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2023

Recently, local governments have recognized river zones as leisure spaces and local festival venues, and hence, the pressure for developing these zones has increased significantly. However, given the unique functionalities of river zones and the time and costs associated with maintaining facilities and restoring damaged areas, a development plan must be selected carefully. To preserve river zones and to facilitate nature-friendly space utilization, this study focused on improving environmental impact assessment (EIA), which is an institutional implementation procedure for project plans. This study prepared a draft guide for EIA by providing an overview of the research background and survey outcomes, including the status of laws and regulations on river zones, development plans, and opinions on EIA. The results showed that because strategic EIA of basic river plans is important for district designation of river zones and the scope and direction of space utilization, it is necessary to establish a more meticulous business plan before reviewing and evaluating the mini EIA linked to the future implementation of a plan to derive a reasonable assessment. Additionally, this study provides a draft guide for EIA to evaluate the suitability of water-friendly facility construction plans considering the location characteristics and to reflect the factors that can reduce the environmental impacts during the mini EIA stage. In the future, we expect that the results of this study will serve as a foundation for establishing instructions and guides for the development of nature-friendly and water-friendly facilities in river zones during the establishment of plans.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.95-102
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• 2017

The fires in the traditional markets often occur recently with the most of them expanded into great fires so that the damage is very serious. The status of traditional markets handling the distribution for ordinary people is greatly shrunk with the aggressive marketing of the local large companies and the foreign large distribution companies after the overall opening of the local distribution market. Most of the traditional markets have the history and tradition from decades to centuries and have grown steadily with the joys and sorrows of ordinary people and the development of the local economy. The fire developing to the large fire has the characteristics of the problem that the fire possibility is high since all products can be flammable due to the deterioration of facilities, the arbitrary modification of equipment, and the crowding of the goods for sale. Furthermore, most of the stores are petty with their small sizes so that the passage is narrow affecting the passage of pedestrians. Accordingly, the traditional markets are vulnerable to fire due to the initial unplanned structural problem so that the large scale fire damage occurs. The study is concerned with systematically classifying and analyzing the result by applying the TRIZ tool to the fire risk factors to extract the fundamental problem with the fire of the traditional market and make the active response. The study was done for preventing the fire on the basis of it and the expansion to the large fire in case of fire to prepare the specific measure to minimize the fire damage. On the basis of the fire expansion risk factor of the derived traditional market, the study presented the passive measures such as the improvement of the fire resisting capacity, the fire safety island, etc. and the active and institutional measures such as the obligation of the fire breaking news facilities, the application of the extra-high pressure pump system, the divided use of the electric line, etc.