• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2009

We investigated the effect of organic materials on membrane fouling in advanced drinking water treatment by a hybrid module packed with granular activated carbon (GAC) outside multi-channel ceramic microfiltration membrane. Synthetic water was prepared with humic acid and kaolin to simulate natural water resouces consisting of natural organic matter and inorganic particles. Kaolin concentration was fixed at 30 mg/L and humic acid was changed as 2~10 mg/L to inspect the effect of organic matters. Periodic back-flushing using permeate water was performed for 10 sec per filtration of 10 min. As a result, both resistance of membrane fouling (Rf) and permeate flux (J) were influenced highly by concentration of humic acid. It proved that NOM like humic acid could be an important factor on membrane fouling in drinking water treatment. Turbidity and UV254 absorbance were removed up to above 97.4% and 59.2% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.614-620
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• 2016

Mine soils are usually unfavorable for plant growth due to their acidic condition and low contents of organic matter and nutrients. To investigate the effect of organic material and lime on nitrogen processes in an acidic metal mine soil, we conducted an incubation experiment with treating livestock manure compost, dolomite, and oyster shell and measured soil pH, dehydrogenase activity, and concentration of soil inorganic N ($NH_4{^+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$). Compost increased not only soil inorganic N concentration, but also soil pH from 4.4 to 4.8 and dehydrogenase activity from 2.4 to $3.9{\mu}g\;TPF\;g^{-1}day^{-1}$. Applying lime with compost significantly (P<0.05) increased soil pH (5.9-6.4) and dehydrogenase activity ($4.3-7.0{\mu}g\;TPF\;g^{-1}day^{-1}$) compared with applying only compost. Here, the variation in dehydrogenase activity was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with that in soil pH. Soil inorganic N decreased with time by 14 days after treatment (DAT) due to N immobilization, but increased with time after 14 DAT. At 28 DAT, soil inorganic N was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the lime treatments than the only compost treatment. Especially the enhanced dehydrogenase activity in the lime treatments would increase soil inorganic N due to the favored mineralization of organic matter. Although compost and lime increased soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity, ammonia oxidation still proceeded slowly. We concluded that compost and lime in acidic mine soils could increase soil microbial activity and inorganic N concentration, but considerable ammonium could remain for a relatively long time.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.79-95
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• 2017

A number of field studies have provided evidence that biomass burning is one of the major global sources of atmospheric particles. In this study, we have collected $PM_{2.5}$ emitted from biomass burning combusted at open burning and laboratory chamber situations. The open burning experiment was conducted with the cooperation of 9 farmers in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, while the chamber experiment was designed to evaluate the characteristics of chemical components among 14 different plant species. The analyzed categories were $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), ionic components ($Na^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-insoluble inorganic carbon (WIOC), char-EC and soot-EC. OC was the dominant chemical component, accounting for the major fraction of primary $PM_{2.5}$ derived from biomass burning, followed by EC. Ionic components contributed a small portion of $PM_{2.5}$, as well as that of $K^+$. In some cases, $K^+$ is used as biomass burning tracer; however, the observations obtained in this study suggest that $K^+$ may not always be suitable as a tracer for biomass burning emissions. Also, the results of all the samples tested indicate relatively low values of char-EC compared to soot-EC. From our results, careful consideration should be given to the usage of $K^+$ and char-EC as indicators of biomass burning. The calculated ratios of WSOC/OC and WIOC/OC were 55.7% and 44.3% on average for all samples, which showed no large difference between them. The organic materials to OC ratio, which is often used for chemical mass closure model, was roughly estimated by two independent methods, resulting in a factor of 1.7 for biomass burning emissions.

• Carbon letters
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2002

The regional bio-wastes available in abundance in India were converted into porous carbon by heat treatment at different temperatures from $650-950^{\circ}C$. The wood retain shapes after pyrolysis though shrinkage occured both in axial and radial directions. The shrinkage in radial direction was found to be more than in axial direction in all woods. The density of woods and chars from these at a given temperature has been found to follow linear relationship. Chars were steam activated at temperature $700-800^{\circ}C$ for different times between 45-240 min. Both the temperature and time of activation with steam has a profound effect on surface area. Chars from softwoods like bagasse and castor oil plant were activated at lower temperature, i.e. $700-750^{\circ}C$ whereas hard wood chars have to be activated at higher temperature around $800^{\circ}C$. The morphology of wood as well as of chars has been studied by SEM. The comparison of the two showed that the nature of porosity in chars depends on precursor morphology, nature and physical state of wood and presence of inorganic compounds in the wood. Hard wood results in cross inter connected pores while softwood leads to fibriller structure. The present studies show that activated carbon with reasonably good surface area (${\sim}1000m^2/gm$) can be prepared from soft wood bio-wastes like bagasse and castor oil plant, while surface area ${\sim}1370m^2/gm$ was achieved from hard wood bio waste of pine wood.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.475-490
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• 2012

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic, fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.04968kg-$CO_2$ for oystershells, 0.004692kg-$CO_2$ for expanded rice hull, and 1.029kg-$CO_2$ for bordeaux mixture liquid.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 1981

The growth rate of yeast population (Saccharomyces uvarum) cultivated in the Knopp's modified medium (plus various carbon sources) appeared the highest value when the Knopp's minimal medium was treated to 1.5% with disaccharide such as maltose and sucrose. Also the treatment of lactose and raffinose resulted in polulation growth as to the population size in case of maltose and sucrose. However, the gorwth of yeast was not occurred at all when a polysaccharide, such as inulin, was added as carbon source. The growth from of yeast population in Knopp's modified medium are characterized by the fact that log phase continued 100hrs after inoculation and that stationary state phase appeared in general 250hrs after inoculation. Applying the various carbon sources to respiration substrate for yeast cell, the respiration rate of yeast showed the highest value in treatment of maltose and followed in order of raffinose, lactose, glucose, and sucrose. Determined the amount of poly-phosphate and turn over pathway of poly-phosphate according to culture phase of yeast, it is revealed that the yeast synthesized 3 types of poly phosphate (poly-P A,B, and C) and postulated that turn over pathway of poly-phosphate as follows ; Inorganic phosphate is converted into each kind of polyphosphates, and then one part of poly-P-C is converted into poly-P-B, the rest poly-p-C and poly-P-B are converted into poly-P-A. The synthesized poly-phosphate is considered to have a role as energy pool utilizing to synthesis of cellular organic materials. Of the 13 carbon sources used in this experiment, the useful carbon sources for biosynthesis of poly-phosphate and cellular organic materials are confirmed as disaccharide (maltose and sucrose) as well as glucose. Protein synthesis in yeast cell showed the two peaks on 6th and 8th day after inoculation ; nucleic acid on 2nd day (48hrs), carbohydrates on 2nd day (48hrs), and phospholipid on 2nd and 8th day after inoculation, respectively.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.320-325
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• 2021

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) methods are conventional analytical methods to analyze water quality. Both of these methods are technically indirect measurement methods, require complicated preconditions, and are time-consuming. On the other hand, the total organic carbon (TOC) method is a direct and fast measurement method which is more intuitive and accurate than the BOD and COD methods. However, general TOC analysis methods involve complicated processes and high power consumption owing to the process of phase transition from liquid to gas by a high-temperature heater. Furthermore, periodic consumables are also required for the removal of inorganic carbon (IC). Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is one of the most suitable photocatalysts for simple processes. Its usage involves low power consumption because it only reacts with the organic carbon (OC) without the requirement of any other reagents and extra processes. We investigated a TiO₂ photocatalyst-based TOC analysis for simple and affordable products. TiO₂-coated fiber substrate maintained under carbon included water was exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of wavelength 365 nm. This method is suitable for the real-time monitoring of water pollution because of its fast reaction time. Its linear property is also sufficient to match the real value.

• Carbon letters
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2013

Physically and chemically activated carbons (ACs) exhibited high adsorption capacities for organic and inorganic pollutants compared with other adsorbents due to their expanded surface areas and wide pore volume distribution. In this work, seven steam-ACs with different burn-off have been prepared from cotton stalks. The textural properties of these sorbents were determined using nitrogen adsorption at $-196^{\circ}C$. The chemistry of the surface of the present sorbents was characterized by determining the surface functional C-O groups using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface pH, $pH_{pzc}$, and Boehm's acid-base neutralization method. The textural properties and the morphology of the sorbent surface depend on the percentage of burn-off. The surface acidity and surface basicity are related to the burn-off percentage. A theoretical model was developed to find a mathematical expression that relates the % burn-off to ash content, surface area, and mean pore radius. Also, the chemistry of the carbon surface is related to the % burn-off. A mathematical expression was proposed where % burn-off was taken as an independent factor and the other variable as a dependent factor. This expression allows the choice of the value of % burn-off with required steam-AC properties.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.52.2-52.2
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• 2011

Flat form technology for constructing anticancer loaded multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwCNTs) was introduced in this study. Conventional anticancer drugs, such as MTX (Methotrexate), cisplatin, DOX (Doxorubicin hydrochloride), DAU (Daunorubicin) and EPI (epirubicin) were bio-conjugated with folic acid (FA) for selective targeting tumor cells. Loading efficiencies of the used anticancer drugs on mwCNTs have shown different order of bindings depending on the molecular bind affinity of NH (amine) formation on mwCNTs. MTT assays have shown increased selective target efficiency of FA conjugated mwCNTs on breast cancer cell growth inhibition. All results collectively indicated promising application of mwCNTs as a smart inorganic nanomaterial for selective targeting drug delivery vehicle at tumor tissues.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.530-537
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• 1989

Diethylbenzoylmalonates with various substituents were synthesized in moderately good yields through palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling of aryl iodide and diethylmalonate with carbon monoxide. Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling reaction usually proceeded well in polar aprotic solvents in the presence of three equivalents of inorganic bases and palladium(II) catalyst. When the reaction was carried out under 10 atm pressure of carbon monoxide, the yield of diethylbenzoylmalonate derivatives was much better than that of reaction under atomspheric pressure of carbon monoxide.