• Title/Summary/Keyword: inner oxidation

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Effects of Whey Powder Supplementation on Dry-Aged Meat Quality

  • Kim, Ji-Han;Yeon, Su-Jung;Hong, Go-Eun;Park, Woojoon;Lee, Chi-Ho
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.397-404
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    • 2016
  • The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with whey powder (WP, 1g/kg feed) from weaning to slaughter (150 d) on dry-aged loin quality of pigs. Fifty-eight pigs were randomly divided into two dietary treatment groups (seven replications of four pigs per treatments). Basal diet with 0.1% whey powder was supplied to the WP group. Basal diet was used for the control group (CON). Diet whey protein did not appear to influence the moisture or protein contents. However, ash and fat contents were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the WP group compared to the control group. Drip loss was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the WP group than that of the control group. Increasing redness with decreasing lightness was found in the inner loin of the WP group. Calcium and iron contents in the WP group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Protein degradation was higher in the WP group than that in the control group (p<0.05), whereas shear force was lower in the WP group than that in the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the basal diet supplemented with 0.1% whey powder influence negatively the lipid oxidation of meat whereas the texture property and mineral composition of meat from whey powder fed pigs are developed.

Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on the ZnO Nanorods Inside PDMS Channel for H7N9 Influenza Virus Detection (PDMS 채널 내부에 성장된 산화아연 나노막대를 이용한 H7N9 인플루엔자 바이러스 전기화학 면역센서)

  • Han, Ji-Hoon;Lee, Dongyoung;Pak, James Jungho
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.278-283
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    • 2014
  • In this study, we propose an immunosensor using zinc oxide nanorods (NRs) inside PDMS channel for detecting the influenza A virus subtype H7N9. ZnO with high isoelectric point (IEP, ~9.5) makes it suitable for immobilizing proteins with low IEP. In this proposed H7N9 immunosensor structure ZnO NRs were grown on the PDMS channel inner surface to immobilize H7N9 capture antibody. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method with was used 3,3',5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) for detecting H7N9 influenza virus. The immunosensor was evaluated by amperometry at various H7N9 influenza antigen concentrations (1 pg/ml - 1 ng/ml). The redox peak voltage and current were measured by amperometry with ZnO NWs and without ZnO NWs inside PDMS channel. The measurement results of the H7N9 immunosensor showed that oxidation peak current of TMB at 0.25 V logarithmically increased from 2.3 to 3.8 uA as the H7N9 influenza antigen concentration changed from 1 pg/ml to 1 ng/ml. And then we demonstrated that ZnO NRs inside PDMS channel can improve the sensitivity of immunosensor to compare non-ZnO NRs inside PDMS channel.

A Study on the Analysis of Heat and Metallurgical Structure of Connection Parts for Residual Current Protective Devices (저압용 누전차단기 접속부의 발열 및 금속 조직 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Choi Chung-Seog;Shong Kil-Mok;Kim Dong-Ook;Kim Dong-Woo;Kim Young-Seok
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.57-63
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    • 2004
  • We investigated heat properties of connection terminal in residual current protective devices(RCD) according to contact pressure for low voltage appliance. And we analyzed voltage and current waveform and oxide propagation when the poor-contact happened between terminal and wire. When contact pressure between terminal and connection wire was not applied, the heat was generated and an oxide was formed on the surface of the wire. The temperature of the insulation surrounding terminal was ascended sharply by poor-contact, micro-sparks and continuous arc sound happened in interior terminal. When the poor-contact by vibration occurred inner conductor of terminal and wire, an oxide was propagated on contact surface and the temperature was increased at 869℃. Thus, we found that the risk of electrical disaster is high in terminal and connection wire parts.

Growth Promotion of Pepper Plants by Pantoea ananatis B1-9 and its Efficient Endophytic Colonization Capacity in Plant Tissues

  • Kim, Su-Nam;Cho, Won-Kyong;Kim, Won-Il;Jee, Hyeong-Jin;Park, Chang-Seuk
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.270-281
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    • 2012
  • The bacteria B1-9 that was isolated from the rhizosphere of the green onion could promote growth of pepper, cucumber, tomato, and melon plants. In particular, pepper yield after B1-9 treatment on the seedling was increased about 3 times higher than that of control plants in a field experiment. Partial 16S rDNA sequences revealed that B1-9 belongs to the genus Pantoea ananatis. Pathogenecity tests showed non-pathogenic on kimchi cabbage, carrot, and onion. The functional characterization study demonstrated B1-9's ability to function in phosphate solubilization, sulfur oxidation, nitrogen fixation, and indole-3-acetic acid production. To trace colonization patterns of B1-9 in pepper plant tissues, we used $DRAQ5^{TM}$ fluorescent dye, which stains the DNAs of bacteria and plant cells. A large number of B1-9 cells were found on the surfaces of roots and stems as well as in guard cells. Furthermore, several colonized B1-9 cells resided in inner cortical plant cells. Treatment of rhizosphere regions with strain B1-9 can result in efficient colonization of plants and promote plant growth from the seedling to mature plant stage. In summary, strain B1-9 can be successfully applied in the pepper plantation because of its high colonization capacity in plant tissues, as well as properties that promote efficient plant growth.

Study of High Temperature Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Cr Steel in Sewage Sludge-(SO2-O2-H2O-bal. CO2) mixed Gas Environment (하수슬러지-(SO2-O2-H2O-bal. CO2) 혼합 가스 분위기에서 Fe-Cr 강의 고온부식거동 연구)

  • Kim, Min Jung;Park, Joo Chang;Ryu, In Sun
    • Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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    • v.53 no.2
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    • pp.72-79
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    • 2020
  • Two Fe-Cr steels of T22 steel and STS430 steel were corroded at 650 and 750℃ for 100hr in sewage sludge-(0.3% SO2-6% O2-10% H2O-balance CO2) mixed gas environment. T22 steel corroded faster than STS430, indicating that the Cr content significantly influence the corrosion rates. T22 formed thick and non-protective Fe2O3 as the major oxide and Fe3O4 as the minor one. With an increase in corrosion temperature, their corrosion rates increased, being accompanied with formation of pores and cracks in the thickened oxide scales that were non-adherent. STS430 steel formed Fe2O3, Fe3O4 as the outer scale and (Fe, Cr)-O as the inner layer by which its corrosion rate is greatly reduced. Both the T22 and STS430 steel samples formed multi-layered scales by outward diffusion of Fe ions and inward diffusion of oxygen and sulfur ions at high-temperature more than 650℃.

A Personal Reformer(PR) for your Fuel cell system (연료전지를 위한 개인용 개질기)

  • Kim Hyeon Yeong
    • 한국전기화학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2004.06a
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    • pp.103-108
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    • 2004
  • The present paper relates to an apparatus in which all carbonaceous material such as coal, oil, plastics and any substance having carbon atoms as part of its constituents are reformed(gasified) into syngas at temperature above $1,200^{\circ}C$(KR patent No.0391121, and PCT/KR2001/01717 and PCT/KR2004/001020). It comprises a single-stage reforming reactor without catalyst and a syngas burner as shown in Fig.2. syngas is combusted with $O_2$ gas in the syngas bunter to produce $M_2O$ and $CO_2$ gas with exothermic heat. Reaction products are introduced into the reforming reactor, reaction heat from syngas burner elevate the temperature of reactor above $1,200^{\circ}C$, and reaction products reduce carbonaceous material down to CO and $H_2$ gases. Reactants and heat necessary for the reaction are provided through the syngas burner only, Neither $O_2$ gas nor steam are injected into the reforming reactor. Reformer is made of ceramic inner lining and sst outer casing. Multiple syngas burners may be connected to the reforming reactor in order to increase the syngas output, and a portion of the product syngas is recycled into syngas burner. The present reformer as shown in Fig.2 is suitable to gasify carbonaceous wastes without secondary pollutants formed from oxidation. Further, it can be miniaturized to accompany a fuel cell system as shown in Fig.3 The output syngas may be used to drive a fuel cell and a portion of electrical power generated in a fuel cell is used to heat a compact reformer up to $1,200^{\circ}C$ so that gas/liquid fossil fuel can efficiently reformed into syngas. The fuel cell serves as syngas burner in Fig.2. The reformation reaction is sustained through recycling a portion of product syngas into a fuel cell and using a portion of electric power generated to heat the reformer for continuous operation. Such reforming reactor may be miniaturized into a size of PC, then you have a Personal Reformer(PR).

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Hot Corrosion Properties of Heat Resistant Chrome Steels (내열강의 고온부식특성에 대한 크롬함량의 영향)

  • Lee, Han-sang;Jung, Jine-sung;Yoo, Keun-bong;Kim, Eui-hyun
    • Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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    • v.48 no.4
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    • pp.277-288
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    • 2010
  • The hot corrosion properties of heat-resistant steels were investigated in an oxidation atmosphere including artificial ash and sulfur dioxide. The heat-resistant steels of T22, T92, T122, T347HFG, Super304H and HR3C were evaluated at 620, 670 and $720^{\circ}C$ for 400 hours. The relationship between the corrosion rate and the temperature followed a bell-shaped curve with a peak rate at around $670^{\circ}C$. The corrosion rates showed a decreasing tendency as the chrome contents of these steels increased from 2.15 wt.% to 24.5 wt.%, and austenitic steels had a lower corrosion rate than ferritic steels. Sulfidation by $SO_2$ as well as molten salt corrosion also had an effect on the total corrosion rate, especially showing an increase in the corrosion rate in ferritic steels. Regardless of the chrome content in the steels and irrespective of the test temperature, the corrosion scale was composed of an outer oxide and an artificial ash mixed layer, a middle oxide layer and inner sulfide, and a mixed oxide layer. As the chrome content increased, the proportion of chrome oxide in the corrosion scale increased. Before spalling of the corrosion scale, voids and cracks were initiated in the sulfide and the mixed oxide layer or at the interface with the substrate.

Investigation of Pitting Corrosion of Copper Heat-Return Pipe in District Heating (지역난방 구리난방환수관의 공식 원인 분석)

  • Keun Hyung Lee;Min Ji Song;Tae Uk Kang;Woo Cheol Kim;Heesan Kim;Soo Yeol Lee
    • Corrosion Science and Technology
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.315-323
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    • 2024
  • This work examined pitting corrosion failure of a copper heat-return pipe used in a district heating system. The copper pipe was corroded with a 48% reduction in thickness due to localized corrosion on the inner surface exposed to heating water of 20 ~ 40 ℃. Fe and Si elements as corrosion products were found around pits. Cl element was also observed, which accelerated oxidation of copper inside pits. Cu2O deposits on the pit's bottom surface decreased the pH inside the pit. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed hematite, cuprite, malachite and brochantite as corrosion products. Chemical analysis demonstrated that Fe and Si elements did not exist in the copper, supply water, or heating water, indicating that Fe and Si species might have entered into the pipe from the exterior. These results indicated that pits were initiated due to ion concentration gradient near Fe and Si species. Moreover, the interior of pits had lower pH due to Cl- concentration and Cu2O reactions, which accelerated the pit's growth and led to formation of pinholes. Additionally, we confirmed that the type of pitting corrosion was a complex combination of types I and II based on the HCO3-/SO42- ratio, pH, temperature, and corrosion products.

Dietary L-carnitine Influences Broiler Thigh Yield

  • Kidd, M.T.;Gilbert, J.;Corzo, A.;Page, C.;Virden, W.S.;Woodworth, J.C.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.22 no.5
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    • pp.681-685
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    • 2009
  • L-carnitine promotes mitochondrial ${\beta}$-oxidation of long chain fatty acids and their subsequent transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although the role of L-carnitine in fatty acid metabolism has been extensively studied, its role in live performance and carcass responses of commercial broilers is less understood. The objective of this research was to determine if Lcarnitine fed at various levels in diets differing in CP and amino acids impacted on live performance and carcass characteristics of commercial broilers. Two floor pen experiments were conducted to assess the effect of dietary L-carnitine in grower diets. In Exp. 1, Ross${\times}$Hubbard Ultra Yield broilers were placed in 48 floor pens (12 birds/pen) and fed common diets to d 14. A two (0 or 50 ppm Lcarnitine) by three (173, 187, and 202 g/kg CP) factorial arrangement of treatments was employed from 15 to 35 d of age (8 replications/treatment). An interaction (p<0.05) in carcass yield indicated that increasing CP (187 g/kg) resulted in improved yield in the presence of L-carnitine. Increasing CP from 173 to 202 g/kg increased (p<0.05) BW gain and decreased (p<0.05) feed conversion and percentage abdominal fat. Feeding dietary L-carnitine increased back-half carcass yield which was attributable to an increase (p<0.05) in thigh, but not drumstick, yield relative to carcass. In Exp. 2, $Ross{\times}Ross$ 708 broilers were fed common diets until 29 d. From 30 to 42 d of age, birds were fed one of seven diets: i) 200 g/kg CP, 0 ppm L-carnitine; ii) 200 g/kg CP, 40 ppm L-carnitine; iii) 180 g/kg CP, 0 ppm L-carnitine; iv) 180 g/kg CP, 10 ppm L-carnitine; v) 180 g/kg CP, 20 ppm L-carnitine; vi) 180 g/kg CP, 30 ppm L-carnitine; and vii) 180 g/kg CP, 40 ppm L-carnitine (6 replications of 12 birds each). BW gain, feed conversion, mortality (30 to 42 d), and carcass traits (42 d) were measured on all birds by pen. There were no treatment differences (p<0.05). However, the addition of 40 ppm L-carnitine in the 200 g CP/kg diet increased (p = 0.06) thigh yields relative to BW in comparison to birds fed diets without L-carnitine, which was further confirmed via a contrast analysis (0 vs. 40 ppm L-carnitine in the 200 and 180 g CP/kg diets; p<0.05). These results indicated that dietary L-carnitine may heighten metabolism in dark meat of commercial broilers resulting in increased relative thigh tissue accretion without compromising breast accretion.

A Study on Removal of Organism and Nitrogen, Phosphorus in Wastewater Treatment Process Using Nitrifier Activated Reactor (질산화균 활성화조를 이용한 하수처리 공정에서의 유기물 및 질소, 인 제거에 관한 연구)

  • Dong, Young-tak;Seo, Dong-whan;Bae, Yu-jin;Park, Ju-seok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.727-735
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    • 2007
  • The use of water by cities is increasing owing to industrialization, the concentration of population, and the enhancement of the standard of living. Accordingly, the amount of waste water is also increasing, and the degree of pollution of the water system is rising. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to remove organisms and suspended particles as well as the products of eutrophication such as nitrates and phosphates. This study developed a high-end treatment engineering solution with maximum efficiency and lower costs by researching and developing a advanced treatment engineering solution with the use of Biosorption. As a result, the study conducted a test with a $50m^3/day$ Pilot Scale Plant by developing treatment engineering so that only the secondary treatment satisfies the standard of water quality and which provided optimal treatment efficiency along with convenient maintenance and management. The removal of organisms, which has to be pursued first for realizing nitrification during the test period, was made in such a way that there would be no oxidation by microorganisms in the reactor while preparing oxygen as an inhibitor for the growth of microorganism in the course of moving toward the primary settling pond. The study introduced microorganisms in the endogeneous respiration stage to perform adhesion, absorption, and filtering by bringing them into contact with the inflowing water with the use of a sludge returning from the secondary settling pond. Also a test was conducted to determine how effective the microorganisms are as an inner source of carbon. The HRT(Hydraulic Retention Time) in the nitrification tank (aerobic tank) could be reduced to two hours or below, and the stable treatment efficiency of the process using the organisms absorbed in the NAR reactor as a source of carbon could be proven. Also, given that the anaerobic condition of the pre-treatment tank becomes basic in the area of phosphate discharge, it was found that there was excellent efficiency for the removal of phosphate when the pre-treatment tank induced the discharge of phosphate and the polishing reactor induced the uptake of phosphate. The removal efficiency was shown to be about 94.4% for $BOD_5$. 90.7% for $COD_{Cr}$ 84.3% for $COD_{Mn}$, 96.0% for SS, 77.3% for TN, and 96.0% for TP.