• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.4 s.44
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• pp.117-135
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• 2005

This paper is a study of the possibility of experience and expression in the architecture of Louis I. Kahn by focusing on the characters of entrance, court and window/wall of his public buildings. In the course of composition, Kahn defined the entrance, court and window/wall as an connecting elements and elements of boundary. The characters revealed by these elements or rooms give the clue to insight Kahn's thought of relation of interior and exterior space or inner and outer space. Following are the characters of these elements. First, a entrance reveals the fact that inner space separates from outer space by connecting these two space and giving the value to inner space as the entity and totality like outer space. The entrance gives its ontological being to human subjects not by vision but experience and expression which is the essence of commonness, that is, Silence. Kahn made the possibility of activity amplify in this common and silent space. Second, this entrance is connected with wide and huge central space not individual spaces of interior space. This extreme procedure of entering makes human subject feel sublime of intoner space. And the central spaces becomes another exterior or another world in the inner world of architecture by the lights from above and by having the boundary wall which shows same pattern of exterior wall. Third, Kahn regarded a window as the giver of lights not as the medium of vision connecting inner space with outer. He tried to connect interior with exterior through the being and character of the light expressed in the interior. And in his buildings, interior space is connected with exterior by expressing the purpose of building, composition of inner space, structural truth and construction facts through the Form, a pattern of wall, details and ornamental joints. By practicing this thoughts in the real buildings, Kahn tried to gave aura to both the interior space and entity of architecture which is regarded as micro universe like flowers, rocks and human beings.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.181-187
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• 2003

This study intends to make a counterproposal for re-building existing high-rise/high-dense buildings and for planlessly re-constructing multi-dwellings. Also, it proposes the plan instruction fur reconstruction by small collective housings through annexing parcels in the residence Inner area. This study can be summarized as below: (1) Remained site generated by site boundaries can be utilized by annexing two or more parcels. (2) Vacant lots between buildings can be utilized as building space or common space by small-sized annexation. (3) Bad effect of residential environment caused by simultaneous development of total blocks can be minimized. (4) Formation of site size and plane, which are advantageous to reconstruction, is available. (5) Accessibility to neighboring roads can increase. (6) Residents' participation in development can increase in economical and planning aspect. In order to utilize these planning instruction, residents' participation and improved public ownership system for parcel annexation are required.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.231-234
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• 2005

Steel braced frames retrofit method has been broadly used due to their effectiveness in both light weight and construction periods. However, steel braced frames retrofit method has difficulties in application on the inner frames of buildings to be retrofitted consequently, there have been demands for the braced frames retrofit method that can be broadly and easily applicable to both inner and outer frames of the buildings. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate the seismic retrofit method applicable to the inner frame also by dividing the reinforcing frames into three unit. From the cyclic test of specimens, the test results dearly showed that steel brace using HPFRCCs and steel bars ensure the better cyclic compressive performance than the normal braced members.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2008

Weeks who is an architect in England suggest that let us consider the hospital architecture as not determined architecture but an undetermined architecture. Because it has been changing unexpectedly. The changing process of hospital architecture is required that it has to involve the new function and be a role model because of variations of environmental factors. For silving the requirements above mentioned, hospital architecture takes the way of appropriateness inner origin form and finally it considers new formation. The 53% of hospital buildings in Korea were built in 1980s. For 30years, these buildings have been not only extended a buildings but also changed in parts of functions and sizes on buildings which are original. The purpose of this study is producing the basic references which suggest solution to face on the changing of hospital building during planning it in the future using by analysis of variation inside the hospital building and grasping of characters in each departments. Each department is analyzed as follows. There is no inner change but only expansion partly by enlargement of building. In the outpatient, there is not only expansion by enlargement of building and but also extension toward other parts and the rate of variation of inside is high. In the diagnostic treatment, there are differences in diagnostic treatment. Surgical suit and diagnostic imaging have been expanded by enlargement than the change of inside. But the others of the departments have been changed by change of inside and also there are sometimes changes of inner walls.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2017

Safety, livability, and efficiency are the three prominent problems of tall buildings, which are also the severe challenges to designers. We proposed the idea of building the sky town to solve these problems, which can be summarized in two sentences, one is tall building multi-storised, and another one is vertical facilities municipal-infrastructurised. The tall building can be horizontally cut into several multi-storey buildings by some large platforms. The platform extends a certain width to block the fire from spreading. Tall buildings are connected together as a group. One of them is a traffic core, which is used for vertical transportation and MEP. It connects to traffic center such as metro, while most of the other tall buildings' cores can be very much released, so as to achieve maximum efficiency of floor usable area and to give good traffic organization. By combining traffic core, platforms, and multi-storey buildings' inner traffic, a transportation network is formed. Finally, we refer to the design of Raffles City Chongqing to make a sketch of sky town.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2023

Natural ventilation has proven to be an effective passive strategy in improving energy efficiency and providing healthy environments. However, such a strategy has not been commonly adopted to tall office buildings that traditionally rely on single-skin façades (SSFs), due to the high wind pressure that creates excessive air velocities and occupant discomfort at upper floors. Double-skin façades (DSFs) can provide an opportunity to facilitate natural ventilation in tall office buildings, as the fundamental components such as the additional skin and openings create a buffer to regulate the direct impact of wind pressure and the airflow around the buildings. This study investigates the impact of modified multi-story type DSFs on indoor airflow in a 60-story, 780-foot (238 m) naturally ventilated tall office building under isothermal conditions. Thus, the performance of wind effect related components was assessed based on the criteria (e.g., air velocity and airflow distribution), particularly with respect to opening size. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was utilized to simulate outdoor airflow around the tall office building, and indoor airflow at multiple heights in case of various DSF opening configurations. The simulation results indicate that the outer skin opening is the more influential parameter than the inner skin opening on the indoor airflow behavior. On the other hand, the variations of inner skin opening size help improve the indoor airflow with respect to the desired air velocity and airflow distribution. Despite some vortexes observed in the indoor spaces, cross ventilation can occur as positive pressure on the windward side and negative pressure on the other sides generate productive pressure differential. The results also demonstrate that DSFs with smaller openings suitably reduce not only the impact of wind pressure, but also the concentration of high air velocity near the windows on the windward side, compared to SSFs. Further insight on indoor airflow behaviors depending on DSF opening configurations leads to a better understanding of the DSF design strategies for effective natural ventilation in tall office buildings.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.39-45
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• 2002

Double facades are built to allow natural ventilation in high rise buildings and buildings with high outside noise level. In high rise Buildings the gains in summer can be reduced by sufficient sun protection devices placed outside the rooms in the ventilated space between the inner and outer facade. To evaluate the energetic performance, three buildings with double facade were monitored for at least one year (Siemens Building in Dortmund/Germany, Victoria Insurance Company in Duesseldorf/Germany and RWE Tower in Essen/Germany). The results document the indoor climate, the boundary conditions for further planning and the possibilities for high rise buildings without or with little cooling facilities.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2004

The architectural space is the involuntary place where man lives and experiences, and as a 3 dimensional space through the continuous experience with the concept of 4th dimension of time, it provides the observers with the dramatic space imagery. These kinds of space experiences are experienced mentally and perceptively through the physical elements of inner and outer space of the architectural buildings, and this space imagery is created here by all the space composing elemensts of the building. These space experiences are caused by the changing processes of the space characteristics, and the observers perceive the changes in space characteristics. These changing processes of inner and outer space, space versus space, and unit space, which are perceived by the observer, could be called as 'the transition' and thd changes of the space characteristics as 'the transition characteristics'.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1992

According to the 17th century palace construction documents, head artisans were called Pyunsoo. In one building constructions, not only carpenters but also masons, plasterers and painters had their own head, Pyunsoos. This meant that Moksoo-Pyunsoo, head carpenter, could not manage the whole design of the building. Moreover, in many cases, selecting and laying the site of the building were determined by the geomancers. Under those working conditions, Moksoo-Pyunsoo could only have charge of designing the wooden parts, such as structural forms or detailed carvings. The documents showed that some dominent carpenters, like Kwak Ki Jong or Lee Choon Bong, had taken on the post of Moksoo-Pyunsoo in almost every palace constructions, especially inner palace buildings. Form the fact that the same carpenters had worked continuosly, it can be presumed that there would have many resemblance of structural forms or carvings among those inner palace buildings.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.258-263
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• 2008

This study aims to investigate the changing roles of Local Government and the ways to improve the space plan, especially focusing on the Local Government civil service space of Seoul City. Recently, many Local Government have endeavored to get rid of the authoritative images and change themselves to a space featuring cultural functions and efficient performance. Local Government buildings in Seoul City are trying to decorate the inner and outer images through new construction or extension of buildings so as to become more friendly to residents. Such efforts are visualized especially in civil service space. Civil service space represents the whole image and role of the Local Government. In addition, civil service space and resting space, which are frequently used, are correlated and more and more accessible to each other as administrative and civil services are increasing. By integrating and developing such features, civil service space of Local Government that meets the requirements of the new era will be presented.