• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1551-1558
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• 2002

Purpose : Loss of hippocampal interneurons in dentate gyrus has been reported in patients with severe temporal lobe epilepsy and in animals treated with kainic acid(KA). Interneurons contain $Ca^{2+}$- binding protein parvalbumin(PV). The effects of kainic acid on parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV-IR) interneurons in dentate gyrus were investigated in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Methods : Cultured hippocampal slices from postnatal day nine C57/BL6 mice were exposed to $10{\mu}M$ KA, and were observed at 0, 8, 24, 48, 72 hours after a one hour KA exposure. Neuronal injury was determined by morphologic changes of PV-IR interneuron in dentate gyrus. Results : Transient(1 hour) exposure of hippocampal explant cultures to KA produced marked varicosities in dendrites of PV-IR interneuron in dentate gyrus and the shaft of interbeaded dendrite is often much thinner than those in control. The presence of varicosities in dendrites was reversible with KA washout. The dendrites of KA treated explants were no longer beaded at 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours after KA exposure. The number of cells in PV-IR interneurons in dentate gyrus was decreased at 0, 8 hours after exposure. But there was no significant difference in 24, 48 and 72 hours recovery group compared with control group. Conclusion : The results suggested that loss of PV-IR interneurons in dentate gyrus is transient, and is not accompanied by PV-IR interneuronal cell death.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.529-541
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• 2003

Yukmijihwang-tang has been widely used as an and-aging herbal medicine for hundred years in Asian countries. Numerous studies show that Yukmijihwangtang has anti-oxidative effect both in vivo and in vitro. It has been reported that Moutan Cortex Radicis extract (MCR) was the most effective herb in Yukmijihwang-tang on undifferentiated PC12 cells upon oxidative-stressed with hydrogen peroxide. The purpose of this study is to; 1) evaluate the recovery of neuronal damage by assessing the anti-oxidant effect of MCR on PC12 cells differentiated with nerve growth factor (NGF), 2) identify candidate genes responsible for anti-oxidative effect on differentiated PC12 cells by oligonucleotide chip microarray. PC12 cells, which were differentiated by treating with NGF, were treated without or with hydrogen peroxide in the presence or absence of various concentration of MCR. Cell survival was determined by using MTS assay. Measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined using the H2DCFDA assay The viability of cells treated with MCR was significantly recovered from stressed PC12 cell. In addition, wide rage of concentrations of MCR shows dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ROS production in oxidative-stressed cells. Total RNAs of cells without treatment(Control group), only treated with H₂O₂ (stressed group) and treated with both H₂O₂ and of MCR (MCR group) were isolated, and cDNAs was synthesized using oligoT7(dT) primer. The fragmented cRNAs, synthesized from cDNAs, were applied to Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Neurobiology U34 Array. mRNA of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta subunit(CaMKII), neuron glucose transporter (GLUT3) and myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(MOG) were downregulated in Stressed group comparing to Control group. P2X2-5 receptor (P2X2R-5), P2X2-4 receptor (P2X2R-4), c-fos, 25 kDa synaptosomal attachment protein(SNAP-25a) and GLUT3 were downregulated, whereas A2 adenosine receptor (A2AR), cathechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), EST223333, heme oxygenase (HO), VGF, UI-R-CO-ja-a-07-0-Ul.s1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were upregulated in MCA group comparing to Control group. Expression of Putative potassium channel subunit protein (ACK4), P2X2A-5, P2X2A-4, Interferon-gamma inducing factor isoform alpha precursor (IL-18α), EST199031, P2XR, P2X2 purinoceptor isoform e (P2X2R-e), Precursor interleukin 18 (IL-18) were downregulated, whereas MOO, EST223333, GLUT-1, MIF, Neuronatin alpha, UI-R-C0-ja-a-07-0-Ul.s1, A2. adenosine receptor, COMT, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), HO, VGF, A rat novel protein which is expressed with nerve injury (E12625) were upregulated in MCR group comparing to Stressed group. The results suggest that decreased viability and AOS production of PC12 cell by H₂O₂ may be, at lease, mediated by impaired glucose transporter expression. It is implicated that the MCR treatment protect PC12 cell from oxidative stress via following mechanisms; improving glucose transport into the cell, enhancing expression of anti-oxidative genes and protecting from dopamine cytotoxicity by increment of COMT and MIF expression. The list of differentially expressed genes may implicate further insight on the action and mechanism behind the anti-oxidative effects of herbal extract Moutan Cortex Radicis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 1997

From January, 1992 to June, 1996, )7 patients with flail chest were treated at Sonnchunhyang university hospital. 15 patients were managed by internal fixation of fractured ribs, whereas the remaining 22 patients were managed by endotracheal intubation and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation alone. There were no difference between two groups in age, sex, the severity of injury to the chest wall and the nature of associated injuries. Average dur'Btion of assisted ventilation was 5.7 $\pm$ 1.7 days in the patients treated by internal fixation versus 8.7 $\pm$ 3.3 days In the patients treated by continuous me hanical ventilation. Average stay in the intensive care unit was 8.3 $\pm$ 3.9 days for the patients treated by internal fixation, whereas it was $13.2\pm4.1$ days in the group treated by continuous mechanical ventilation alone. In the group treated by internal fixation, complications were 3 atelectases(20.0%), 1 pneumonia(6.7%), 2 operative wound problems(12.3%) and 1 barotrauma(6.7%). In the other group, 7 atelectases(31.8%), 4 pneumonitis(18.2%), 2 empyemas(9.1%) and 3 barotraumas(1).6%). The mortality rate was 13.3%(2/15) in the surgically treated patients, whereas it was 22.7%(5122) in the other group. The treatment of flail chest by internal fixation resulted in speedy recovery, decreased complications and mortalities, and better ultimatc cosmetic and functional results.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.106-119
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• 1988

For the relief of pain in 3 cases of whiplash syndromes (case I, II and IV) and in one of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (case III), we have carried out six intentional. total spinal blocks (TSB) which attempted two times in case I, three in case II and one in carte III whoso various symptoms were chronically unresponsive to the usual conservative treatments, and a time of cervical epidural and right suprascapular nerve block in case W whose acute symptom lasted 4 drys following the cervical injury (see fables from 1 to 9). During the 753, we have observed clinically the sequential charges of respiration, lid and pupil reflexes, body motion and consciousness. And checked the blood pressure, pulse rate and arterial Pco2. The effectiveness of those blocks has been assessed by using the Visual Analog Scale which is designed to measure the patient$\acute{s}$ subjective intensity of pain and also we have found out the sequelae following those blocks. The methods of the blocks were as the following: 1. Under the N.P.O. for 8~10 hours, the preparations of immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation and premedication with atropine 0.5mg at thirty minutes before the TSB, it was performed by injecting the mixture of 2% mepivacaine 10 or 15ml and normal saline 10 or 5ml through No. 23 G. spinal needle into the subarachnoid space of $C_7-T_1$ interspinous region with fully flexed neck on the lateral posture. Immediately after the injection of the local anesthetic in the lateral position, the patient$\acute{s}$ were hasten to change Trendelenburg$\acute{s}$ position in order to act the drugs cephalad and to make easy controlled respiration with oxygen. 2. The cervical epidural block was done by injecting the mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine 4ml, normal saline 4ml and triamcinolone 15mg through No. 18 G. Tuohy needle into the epidural space on the same region and posture as the above without premedication.7he suprascapular nerve block was done by injecting of 0.5% bupivacaine 3ml only into the right suprascapular fossa on the sitting posture. The results were as the following: 1. The cessation of respiration was seen within 5 minutes following the subarachnoidal injection of the above 20ml mixture in 2 to 3 minutes and then soon the consciousness began to disappear. The loss of Lid and pupil reflexes noted between 5 to 10 minutes and the size of the dilated pupils was equal between 5 to 20 minutes, but the pupil of the dependent side on tile lateral position was dilated 1 to 3 minutes earlier than that of the independent. The patients had r=ever responded to any stimulations during the TSB except their heart funtion. 2. The recovery of the TSB was as the following, firstly the ankle and lower limb of the independent side began to move slightly with in 34 to 75 minutes after the injection and then that of the dependent Secondly the neck and upper limb moved 6 to 15 minutes later than the lower limb. Thirdly the self respiration began to appear between 40 to 80 minutes from the block. The lid and pupil reacted to touch and light respectively between 40 to 80 minutes but the pupil of the independent side responded earlier than that of the depends. Lastly the consciousness recovered completely between 80 to 125 minutes from the block. 3. In the cardiopulmonary function during the TSB, the blood pressure were stable except the 210/130 tory at the and block of case I. There were bradycardias between 65 to 85 minutes in case I and II but no arrythmia on the EKG. The level of the arterial Pco2 was maintained to 43~45 torr during the TSB. 4. The effectiveness of the above blocks was no pain(0%) in case IV, and light (10~20%) in case I and II but no improvement in case III. 5. The right arm weakness has been complicated as to be Injected accidently the "COLD" local anesthetic at the End block of case I.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.828-833
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• 2003

Background: It has been reported that the recently developed intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia (IAWBC) has better myocardial protective effects during coronary artery bypass surgery than cold blood cardioplegia or continuos retrograde cold blood cardioplegia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and usefulness of IAWBC by comparing it retrospectively with intermittent retrograde cold blood cardioplegia (lRCBC). Material and Method: From April 2001 to Feb. 2003, fifty seven patients who underwent isolated coronary surgery were divided into two groups (IAWBC vs. IRCBC). The two group had similar demographic and angiographic characteristics. There were no statistical differences in age, sex, Canadian Cardiovascular Society Functional Classification for angina, ejection fraction, and number of grafts. Result: Aortic cross clamping time and total pump time in IAWBC (99$\pm$23 and vs. 126$\pm$32 min) were shorter than those of IRCBC (118$\pm$32 min. and 185$\pm$48 min.)(p<0.05). The reperfusion time (13$\pm$7 min) in IAWBC was shorter than that of IRCBC (62$\pm$109 min.)(p<0.05). CKMB at 12 hours and 24 hours (16$\pm$15 and 9$\pm$13) in IAWBC was lower than that of IRCBC (33$\pm$47 and 17$\pm$26)(p<0.05). The awakening time in IAWBC (2$\pm$1 hour) was shorter than that of IRCBC (4$\pm$3)(p<0.05). The number of spontaneous heart beat recovery in IAWBC (85%) was more than that of IRCBC (35%)(p<0.05). The cardiac index after discontinuing cardio-pulmonary bypass was significantly elevated in the IAWBC group. The prevalence of perioperative myocardial infarction in IAWBC (4%) was lower than that of IRCBC group (20%)(p<0.05). Conclusion: Intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia is a safe, reliable, and effective technique for myocardial protection. It can also provide simpler and economic way than the retrograde cold cardioplegia by shortening of cardiopulmonary bypass time and avoiding retrograde cannulation for coronary sinus.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.817-826
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• 2004

Background: Several studies have demonstrated that conventional hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes cellular injury, abnormal responses in peripheral vascular beds and increased postoperative bleeding, whereas normothermic CPB provides protection of the hypothermic-induced effects and better cardiac recovery. The present study was prospectively performed to compare the effects of normothermic CPB to those of hypothermic CPB on the inflammatory and hematologic responses during cardiac surgery. Material and Method: Thirty-four adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to hypothermic CPB (nasopharyngeal temperature $26～28^{\circ}C,$ n=17) or normothermic CPB (nasopharyngeal $temperature>35.5^{\circ}C,$ n=17) group. In both groups, cold $(4^{\circ}C)$ crystalloid cardioplegia was applied for myocardial protection. Blood samples were drawn from radial artery before (Pre-CPB), 10 minutes after starting (CPB-10) and immediately after ending (CPB-OFF) CPB. Total leukocyte and platelet counts, interleukin-6 (IL-6) level(expressed as percent to the baseline of Pre-CPB), D-dimer level, protein C and protein S activity were measured with the blood samples. The amount of bleeding for postoperative 24 hours and blood transfusion after operation were also assessed. All parameters were compared between the two groups. Result: The total leukocyte counts $(10,032\pm65/mm^3)$ and the increased ratio of IL-6 $(353\pm7.0%)$ at CPB-OFF in the normothermic group were higher than that $(7,254\pm48/mm^3$ and $298\pm7.3%)$ of the hypothermic group(p=0.02 and p=0.03). In the normothermic group, protein C activity $(32\pm3.8%)$ and protein S activity $(35\pm4.1%)$ at CPB-OFF were significantly lower than that $(45\pm4.3%$ and $51\pm3.8%)$ of the hypothermic group (p=0.04 and p=0.009). However, there were no differences in platelet counts and D-dimer concentration. In the normothermic group, the amount of bleeding for postoperative 24 hours $(850\pm23.2$ mL) and requirements for blood transfusion after operation such as packed cell $(1,402\pm20.5$ mL), fresh frozen plasma $(970\pm20.8$ mL) and platelet $(252\pm6.4$ mL) were higher than that $(530\pm21.5$ mL, $696\pm15.7$ mL, $603\pm18.2$ mL and $50\pm0.0$ mL) of the hypothermic group. Conclusion: These results indicate that normothermic CPB with cold crystalloid cardioplegia was associated with higher increase in inflammatory response, hemostatic abnormalities and postoperative bleeding problem than moderate hypothermic CPB.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.20-53
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• 1976

For the purpose of detecting the capability of the trees to resist air pollution and of determining the tree species best suited for purification of polluted air, particularly with regard to $SO_2$ contamination, six following ornamental tree species were selected as experimental materials: i.e., Hibiscus syriacus L., Ginkgo biloba L., Forsythia koreana Nak., Syringa dilatata Nak., Larix leptolepis Gordon, and Pinus rigida Miller. The susceptiblities of the trees were observed and analyzed on the basis of area ratio of smoke injury spots to the total leaf area. The results of the experiments are as follows: I. The Susceptibilities to Sulfur Dioxide. (1) The decreasing order of tolerance to $SO_2$ by species was as follows: 1. Hibiscus syriacus 2. Ginkgo biloba, 3. Forsythia koreana, 4. Syringa dilatata, 5. Larix leptolepis, and 6. Pinus rigida. In general, Hibiscus syriacus and Ginkgo biloba can be grouped as the most resistant and Larix leptolepis and Pinus rigida as the least resistant and Forsythia koreana and Syringa dilatata as of intermediate resistance. (2) The sulfur content of the leaves treated by $SO_2$ increased in proportion to the increase of the concentration of the fumigation. The content in the coniferous species proved to be less than that of the broad-leaved species, but Ginkgo biloba proved to contain as much sulfur as broad-leaved species. (3) The earlier-stage leaves fumigated in June with the $SO_2$ concentration up-to-l-ppm showed that sulfur content increases in proportion to the increase of the concentration of the fumigation, but the difference between concentration was not so significant. (4) The later-stage leaves fumigated in October showed higher sulfur content than the earlier stage leaves, and a wider range of difference in sulfur content was detected among different concentrations. The limit of fumigation resulting in culmination of sulfur absoption in broad-leaved species, such as Syringa dilatata, Hibiscus syriacus, and Forsythia koreana proved to be around 0.6 ppm. (5) Due to the sprouting ability and the adventitious bud formation, the recovery from $SO_2$ fumigation was prominent in Hibiscus syriacus, Syringa dilatata, and Forsythia koreana. (6) The differences in the smoke spot color were recognized by species: namely, dirt-brown in Syringa dilatata, brilliant yellowish-brown in Pinus rigida and Ginkgo biloba, whitish-yellow in Hibiscus syriacus and reddish-brown in Forsythia koreana. (7) The leaf margins proved to be most susceptible, and the leaf bases of the mid-rib most tolerant. In both Ginkgo biloba and Larix leptolepis, the younger leaves were more resistant to $SO_2$ than the older ones. II. The ulfur Content of the Leaves of the Ornamental Trees Growing in the City of Seoul. (1) The sulfur contents in the leaves of the Seoul City ornamental trees showed a remarkably higher value than those of the leaves in the non-polluted areas. The sulfur content of the leaves in the non-polluted area proved to be in the following descending order: Salix pseudo-lasiogyne Leveille, Ginkgo biloba L., Alianthus altissima swingle, Platanus orientalis L., and Populus deltoides Marsh. (2) In respect to the sulfur contents in the leaves of the ornamental trees in the city of Seoul, the air pollution proved to be the worst in the areas of Seoul Railroad Station, the Ahyun Pass, and the Entrance to Ewha Womans University. The areas of Deogsu Palace, Gyeongbog Palace, Changdeog Palace, Changgyeong Park and the Hyehwa Intersection were least polluted, and the areas of the East Gate, the Ulchi Intersection and the Seodaemun Intersection are in the intermediate state.