• Toxicological Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.101-111
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• 1996

The local irritation studies of DA-3285, recombinant human erytropoietin(rHu-EPO), were carried out in rabbits after the following treatment; single application into the conjunctival sac of the eye, single subcutaneous injection, 7-day repeated subcutaneous injection and 8-day repeated infusion into the ear vein. Also, the local irritancy of DA-3285 leaked around vein was studied in mice by single perivascular injection. The results obtained were as follows. In the result of ocular irritation test, DA-3285 could be considered as a non-irritating material. In single and 7-day repeated subcutaneous irritation test, the irritancy of DA-3285 was not so much different from that of saline. The vascular irritancy of DA3285 by 8-day repeated infusion was negligible and similar to that of saline. And the irritancy of DA3285 by perivascular injection was comparable to that of saline. These results indicate that DA-3285 has no irritating activity when injected through subcutaneous or intravenous route for clinical practice as 3.5% solution.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2008

무선 센서 네트워크는 자원 제약을 가지는 센서 노드들로 이루어진다. 센서 네트워크에서 충분한 보호를 받지 못하는 노드들은 공격자들에 의해 훼손될 수 있다. 이러한 훼손된 노드들은 허위 보고서 주입 공격이나 정상 보고서에 대한 허위 데이터 주입 공격과 같은 공격들에 취약하다. 허위 보고서 주입 공격에서, 공격자는 싱크의 기만이나 배터리로 동작하는 네트워크의 제한된 에너지를 고갈을 목적으로 허위 보고서들을 네트워크에 주입한다. 정상 보고서에 대한 허위 데이터 주입 공격에서, 공격자는 모든 정상 보고서에 거짓 데이터를 주입할 수도 있다. 이러한 공격들을 다루기 위하여, Li와 Wu는 확률적 투표-기반 여과기법(PVFS)을 제안하였다. 그러나 PVFS에서 각 클러스터 헤드는 추가적인 전송 장비를 필요로 한다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 이러한 공격들의 위협을 완화시키기 위하여 퍼지 로직-기반 허위 보고서 탐지 기법(FRD)를 제안한다. FRD는 통계적 전달 중 여과 기법을 기반으로 채택하여 이를 개선한다. 시뮬레이션에서 FRD가 제공하는 보안 능력이 효율적이며, 보안과 에너지 소비간의 트레이오프가 있음을 보인다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.381-382
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• 1994

Administration route dependency on the distribution of PEGylated recombinant human turor necrosis factor binding protein (rhTNFbp-PEG20K dimer) was observed following a subcutaneous (sc) and an intravenous (iv) administrationin rats. ehTNFbp-PEG20K dimer is composed of two rhTNGbp molecules (molecular weight 18, 278 daltons each) joined by polyethylene glycol 2000(PEG30K). The steady state distribution volume of rhTNFbp-PEG20K was 55 m/kg and 359 ml/kg following the i.v. and s.c. administrations, respectively. These results suggest that the distribution of ehTNFbp-PEG20K is limited within the cpillary space after i.v. administration, while rhTNFbp-PEG20K can distribute into a space (35.9% of body weight) which is between extracellylar space and total body water. A lymphatic absorption may paly a role in the distribution of rhTNFbp-PEF20K dimer following the sc administration. The present study suggests that the administration route of a lartge protein molecule should be determined depedning upon target sites.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.247-255
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• 1994

As a series of safety studies of DA-3030, a new rhO-CSF, its local irritancy was examined in the rabbits after the following treatment; application into the conjunctival sac of the eye(single), subcutaneous injection(single), intramuscular injection(single), and intravenous injection(8-day repeated). In addition, paravenous irritation of DA-3030 was investigated in mice. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the result of ocular irritation test, 0.03% solution of DA-3030 could be considered as a non-irritating material. 2. The local irritation of DA-3030 by an injection of 0.5mι of its solution subcutaneously or intramuscularly was negligible and not so much different from that of saline. 3. In the vascular irritancy test, macro- and microscopic observations revealed that the irritating activity of DA-3030 in blood vessels was not different from that of saline when they were injected once a day into vein retroauricularis of rabbits for 8 days.4. The paravenous administration of DA-3030 did not induce any abnormal changes at injection sites except mild swelling in 1 mouse at 3 hours after injection which was thought to be due to slow absorption. The above-mentioned results suggest that DA-3030 has no irritating activity when injected through intravenous or subcutaneous route for clinical practice as 0.03% solution.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2000

We established a new method to analyze abamectin using HPTLC (high performance thin layer chromatography) in order to obtain its pharmacokinetic profiles in pigs. Recovery of abamectin in pig serum after fluorescence derivatization was $80.01{\pm}3.82%$ at 0.1ppm and $83.67{\pm}3.63%$ at 10ppm, respectively. Detection reproducibility in terms of coefficient variation (c.v.) was 3.09% and 2.74% (intra-day), and 3.71% and 51.7%(inter-day), for 0.1 and 10ppm, respectively. Pharmacokinetics of abamectin was studied in five Yorkshire-Landrace mixed bred male pigs ($35.0{\pm}2.7kg$) administered intramuscularly 0.3mg/kg b.w. Pharmacokinetic profiles of abamectin in pigs were described by the 1-compartment open model with first-order absorption and first-order elimination. AUC (area under the curve) was $262.65{\pm}16.44ng{\cdot}day/ml$ and the biological elimination half-life ($t_{1/2},\;k_e$) was $5.28{\pm}0.84$ days, indicating somewhat high bioavailability and long half-life by the intramuscular route. We suggest intramucular injection of abamectin could be also used in place of the recommended route of its subcutaneous administration so far.

• 감성과학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2008

감성을 비롯한 인간의 뇌 기능은 혈-뇌 장벽을 매개로 약물의 작용에 의해 직접적인 영향을 받을 수 있다. 이 연구는 mannitol의 투여경로와 양, 농도에 의한 혈-뇌 장벽(blood-brain barrier, BBB)의 변화를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 실험동물로서 흰쥐에 20%의 mannitol을 오른쪽 뇌경동맥(internal carotid artery, ICA)을 통하여 주입하였고, 다른 그룹에서는 femoral vein을 통하여 주입하였다. 또한 각기 다른 경로를 이용하여 Evans blue(EB) 염색 시료를 투여한 후 BBB의 변성 정도를 확인하였다. 실험결과 ICA를 통해서 mannitol이 주입된 동물은 동측(ipsilateral side)이 대측(contralateral side)에 비해 EB 염색시료에 의해 영향을 많이 받았으나, femoral vein을 통해서 주입한 경우에는 mannitol의 양과 농도를 증가시켜도 EB 염색시료에 의한 영향이 거의 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 비록 EB 염색시료의 주입이 ICA를 통해서 또는 정맥경로를 따라서 이루어지더라도, BBB의 변성은 ICA를 통해서 이루어진다고 볼 수 있으며, 이러한 결과는 BBB의 제한적인 조절작용을 통해 인간의 뇌 기능을 이해하는데 좋은 방법을 제공할 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 1995

The local irritation studies of DA-3002, an authentic recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), were carried out in rabbits after the following treatment ; application into the conjunctival sac of the eye (single), single subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, 7-day repeated subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. The results obtained were as follows. In the result of ocular irritation test, 0.16% solution of DA-3002 could be considered as a non-irritating material. In single subcutaneous and intramuscular irritation test, the irritancy of 0.16% DA-3002 solution was not so much different from that of saline. The local irritation of DA-3002 by 7-day repeated injection was negligible and similar to that of saline by both subcutaneous and intramuscular routes. These results suggest that DA-3002 has no irritating activity when injected through subcutaneous or intramuscular route for clinical practice as 0.16% solution.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.259-262
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• 2000

There are many difficulties in the management of terminal cancer pain. We often encounter difficulties when nerve blocks or epidural injection of drugs do not produce good results. Local anesthetics, opioids and adjunctives, were administered to two patients intrathecally. The results were very satisfactory. It has complications such as hypotension or infection due to intrathecal route. In the first case, the pancreatic cancer patient complicated with severe epigastic pain but unfortunately no management was effective in pain control. Intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and morphine mixture was successful even if syncope which was relieved by bed rest. In the second case, the patient complicated with lower abdominal pain due to ovarian cancer who very well controlled by epidural injection of morphine and clonidine mixture but morphine demand was greatly increased. Intrathecal injection of morphine and ketamine were tried. The patient had comportable analgesic effect. CSF leakage to subcutaneous occurred but resolved by change of the catheter position or retunnelling. There were no significant complications reported in two cases.

• 약학회지
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2012

Citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industry, consumer products and medical appliances. However, information on the toxicity, environmental fate and toxicokinetics are not enough. In this study, stability of citrate-capped AgNPs was investigated using different types of isotonic solution, which is important in the toxicokinetic study by the exposure route of intravenous injection. Size, morphology, zeta potential and ion formation were investigated in isotonic solutions for the physico-chemical characterization of AgNPs. Aggregation and precipitation of AgNPs were observed in saline or phosphate-buffered saline while they were stable without precipitation in 2% glycerol of isotonic solution. The average size of AgNPs in 2% glycerol was 6~10 nm, which was almost same as that in water-based suspension of AgNPs. Zeta potential was ranged from -30 mV to -60 mV, which was in the range of original stock AgNPs. The stability was maintained during the whole experimental period of 48 hours. Furthermore, the stability was not changed in different temperature (10~36$^{\circ}C$) and at different concentrations (10~1,000 ppm). The osmolarity of the AgNPs suspension was $299{\pm}1$ mOsm/kg which was in isotonic range. These data suggest that AgNPs in 2% glycerol solution can be used for the preparations of intravenous injection for toxicokinetic study without undesired disturbance of blood isotonicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.109-116
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• 1995

Single intravenous and oral administration to SD rats and ICR mice of both sexes were performed to investigate the acute toxicity of DWC-751, a new parenteral cephalosporin. $LD_50$ values for ICR mice and SD rats administered intravenously with DWC-751 were as follows; 1151.1 mg/kg (male SD rat), 1183.5 mg/kg (female SD rat), 2698.1 mg/kg (male ICR mouse), 2833.0 mg/kg (female ICR mouse). It is suggested that $LD_50$ values in rats and mice of both sexes would be 5000 mg/kg in oral route. Major general symptoms induced by injection intravenously with DWC-751 are decreased motor activity, increased respiratory rate, tremor and convulsion. In oral route, piloerection and soft stool are observed to 4 day after administration. No significant body weight changes were observed at any level in the groups administered with DWC-751. The gross finding of rats administered intravenously was observed cecum distension.