• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.4183-4204
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• 2018

The existing en-route filtering schemes only consider some simple false data injection attacks, which results in lower safety performance. In this paper, we propose an efficient geographical information-based en-route filtering scheme (EGEFS), in which each forwarding node verifies not only the message authentication codes (MACs), but also the report identifier and the legitimacy and authenticity of locations carried in a data report. Thus, EGEFS can defend against not only the simple false data injection attacks and the replay attack, but also the collusion attack with forged locations proposed in this paper. In addition, we propose a new method for electing the center-of-stimulus (CoS) node, which can ensure that only one detecting node will be elected as the CoS node to generate one data report for an event. The simulation results show that, compared to the existing en-route filtering schemes, EGEFS has higher safety performance, because it can resist more types of false data injection attacks, and it also has higher filtering efficiency and lower energy expenditure.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.250-266
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• 2021

Objectives : This study was conducted to suggest new alternative methods to improve pharmacopuncture and Korean medicine research by analyzing the injection route, pharmacological effect, and status studies of Chinese herbal injections. Methods : 130 types of marketed and licensed Chinese herbal injection were searched from National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China. CNKI, PubMed, EMBASE, and the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia were used to collect additional information. 'Herbal injection' and 'Chinese herbal injection' were used as keywords. All data were collected mainly on the treatment of Chinese herbal injection. But data which were not related to the relevant research or Chinese herbal injection were excluded. Results : Intramuscular injection accounted for more than half of the single injection route (51%). Acupoint and intramuscular injections accounted for 55% of dual injection routes. Acupoint, intravenous, and intramuscular injections accounted for the largest proportion (76%) of the multiple routes of injections. As for the pharmacological effect, injection for cardiovascular diseases accounted for 29%. About the number of raw herbal materials, single herbal material was the most common. Twelve intervention studies all tested intravenous injections, and half of them investigated cardiocerebrovascular diseases. All were given by intravenous injection. In the side effect section, the most common symptoms were nausea and vomiting. Conclusions : Through the results, it is expected to be used for research and development of new pharmacopuncture and herbal medicine.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.468-476
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• 2020

The bone cement used for vertebroplasty must be sufficiently injectable. The introduction of granules reduces the amount of liquid required for liquefaction, implying that higher fluidity is achieved with the same amount of liquid. By employing β-tricalcium phosphate granules with an average diameter of 50 ㎛, changes in injectability are observed based on the paste preparation route and granular fraction. To obtain acceptable injectability, phase separation must be suppressed during injection, and sufficient capillary pressure to combine powder and liquid must work evenly throughout the paste. To achieve this, the granules should be evenly distributed. Reduced injection rates are observed for dry mixing and excessive granular content, owing to phase separation. All these correspond to conditions under which the clustered granules weakened the capillary pressure. The injected ratio of the paste formed by wet mixing displayed an inverted U-type shift with the granular fraction. The mixture of granules and powder resulted in an increase in the solid volume fraction, and a decrease in the liquid limit. This resulted in the enhancement of the liquidity, owing to the added liquid. It is inferred that the addition of granules improves the injectability, provided that the capillary pressure in the paste is maintained.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신설비학회 2008년도 정보통신설비 학술대회
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• pp.159-162
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• 2008

Generally, sensor nodes can be easily compromised and seized by an adversary because sensor nodes are hostile environments after dissemination. An adversary may be various security attacks into the networks using compromised node. False data injection attack using compromised node, it may not only cause false alarms, but also the depletion of the severe amount of energy waste. Dynamic en-route scheme for Filtering False Data Injection (DEF) can detect and drop such forged report during the forwarding process. In this scheme, each forwarding nodes verify reports using a regular probability. In this paper, we propose verification probability adjustment scheme of forwarding nodes though a fuzzy rule-base system for the Dynamic en-route filtering scheme for Filtering False Data Injection in sensor networks. Verification probability determination of forwarding nodes use false traffic rate and distance form source to base station.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fructose-1,6-bis phosphate aldolase (SMALDO) DNA vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni infection using different routes of injection. The SMALDO has been cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1/V5-His TOPO-TA and was used in injecting Swiss albino mice intramuscularly (IM), subcutaneously (SC), or intraperitoneally (IP) ($50{\mu}g/mouse$). Mice vaccinated with non-recombinant pcDNA3.1 served as controls. Each group was immunized 4 times at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6. Two weeks after the last booster dose, all mice groups were infected with 80 S. mansoni cercariae via tail immersion. At week 8 post-infection, animals were sacrificed for assessment of parasitological and histopathological parameters. High anti-SMALDO IgG antibody titers were detected in sera of all vaccinated groups (P<0.01) compared to the control group. Both the IP and SC vaccination routes resulted in a significant reduction in worm burden (46.2% and 28.9%, respectively, P<0.01). This was accompanied by a significant reduction in hepatic and intestinal egg counts (41.7% and 40.2%, respectively, P<0.01) in the IP group only. The number of dead eggs was significantly increased in both IP and IM groups (P<0.01). IP vaccination recorded the highest significant reduction in granuloma number and diameter (54.7% and 29.2%, respectively, P<0.01) and significant increase in dead miracidia (P<0.01). In conclusion, changing the injection route of SMALDO DNA vaccination significantly influenced the efficacy of vaccination. SMALDO DNA vaccination via IP route could be a promising protective and antipathology vaccine candidate against S. mansoni infection.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.69-72
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• 2002

PGF$_2$$\alpha$의 투여부위가 젖소의 발정동기화율 및 그에 따른 수태율에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 하와이주의 대규모 농장에서 사육중인 미경산 젖소에 대하여 25mg Dinoprost trometamine을 투여한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 둔부(근육주사)-둔부(근육주사) 처리에 있어서 첫 번째 처리된 35두 중 18두 (51.4%)가 발정이 발현되었고 그중 9두가 수태되어 60.0%의 수태율을 나타내었다. 첫 번째 처리후 발정을 나타내지 않은 개체들에 대하여 10일후에 다시 둔부에 PGF$_2$$\alpha$를 처리한 결과 14두중 8두(57.1%)가 발정이 유기 되었고 그중 4두가 수태 되어 50.0%의 수태율을 나타내었다. 2. 둔부(근육주사)-어깨부위(피하주사) 처리에 있어서 첫 번째 처리된 39두중 19두 (48.7%)가 발정이 발현되었고 그중 12두가 수태되어 70.6%의 수태율을 나타내었다. 첫 번째 처리후 발정을 나타내지 않은 개체들에 대하여 10일후에 에께부위에 PGF$_2$$\alpha$를 처리한 결과 20두중 12두(60.0%)가 발정이 유기 되 었고 그중 3두가 수태되어 25.0%의 수태율을 나타내었다. 3. 둔부 처리의 경우 점액이 유출된 27두중 18두(66.7%)가 수태로 이어졌고 점액이 유출되지 않은 13두중 5두에서 수태로 이어졌다 어깨처리의 경우에는 점액이 유출된 2두중 1두(50.0%)가 수태로 이어졌고 점액이 유출되지 않은 10두중 1두(10.0%)만이 수태로 이어졌다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.434-440
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to find an optimal delivery route for clinical trials of intrathecal cell therapy for spinal cord injury in preclinical stage. Methods : We compared in vivo distribution of Cy5.5 fluorescent dye in the spinal cord region at various time points utilizing in vivo optical imaging techniques, which was injected into the lateral ventricle (LV) or cisterna magna (CM) of rats. Results : Although CM locates nearer to the spinal cord than the LV, significantly higher signal of Cy5.5 was detected in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord region at all time points tested when Cy5.5 was injected into the LV. In the LV injection Cy5.5 signal in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord was observed within 12 hours after injection, which was maintained until 72 hours after injection. In contrast, Cy5.5 signal was concentrated at the injection site in the CM injection at all time points. Conclusion : These data suggested that the LV might be suitable for preclinical injection route of therapeutics targeting the spinal cord to test their treatment efficacy and biosafety for spinal cord diseases in small animal models.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.299-302
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• 1994

Prostaglandin E1(PGE1) is a potent vasodilator and is a useful drug for the treatment of occlusive peripheral vascular disease. It has been used systemically via intravenous route or regionally via intraarterial route. We tried intravenous regional administration of PGE1 for the treatment of a patient with occlusive arterial disease involving left fingers. During the 13th injection, the patient complained of severe pain at the injection site during the drug administration. Thereafter, the patient developed painful and severe swelling with blebs on his left hand. Systemic antibiotics were given together with stellate ganglion block of the affected left side. PGE1 was substituted to reserpine, which is subcutaneously injectable, for the second term treatment.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2000

Engineering database for CIM of injection mold production has been developed to manage design information and parameters of injection mold. The database has direct connection with product data management system and management database. Design specifications are generated in initial stage of mold design with integration of management information. Design parameters and bill of materials for mold base parts are generated during the CAD process and transferred to the manufacturing database and procurement system. Standard modules for parts and mold base are constructed using national standard and legacy data of industries. The engineering database provides important information route for CIM of injection mold design and production.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.311-315
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• 2000

Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been demonstated as an antineoplastic agent in mice and human, and the route of administration is important to IL-2-induced therapeutic responses. Therefore, the current experiment was undertaken to clarify the effect of IL-2 administration route on antitumor response against subcutaneous Meth-A tumor in mice. At the beginning of each experiment, normal BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously with $5{\times}10^6$ Meth-A tumor cells. Beginning on day 7, experimental groups were treated with a 5-day course of IL-2 (intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of 30, 000 IU every 12 hours for 5 days). The result of this experiment revealed that Meth-A tumor grew progressively in control mice. Intraperitoneal IL-2 treatment decreased significantly tumor growth and prolonged survival, compared with control mice. Subcutaneous IL-2 treatment decreased significantly tumor growth until day 11 and tumor cells, grew progressively thereafter, but mice in this group survived longer than control mice.