• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.81-90
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• 2008

Objectives : The pathophysiology of ICH is not fully understood, therefore, the fundamental therapeutic strategies for ICH also not well inspected either. The genetic profile for the effect of Carthami Flos extract on cerebral hemorrhage in rat brain tissue was measured using microarray technique. Genes displaying expressional change on brain damage were selected and the functional analysis on these genes was conducted. Methods : Rats were placed in a stereotaxic frame after intraperitoneal injection of chloralhydrate, and ICH was induced by injection of collagenase type IV and Carthami Flos extract was administered orally. The molecular profile of cerebral hemorrhage in rat brain tissue was measured using microarray technique to identify up- or down- regulated genes in brain tissue. Results : Upon treatment with Carthami Flos extract on the rat having brain damage, many genes show expressional change. The pattern of gene expressional change can be classified into 8 classes in which two types of classes were composed of recovered genes from up or down-regulation by brain damage, respectively. Conclusions : Further analysis using protein interaction database identified some key molecules that can be used for elucidation of therapeutical mechanism of Carthami Flos extract in future.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.141-155
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect of bee venom (BV) Acupuncture into different treatment points, Chok-samni (ST36) and blank loci of the gluteal muscle and back. We investigated neuronal activity in the spinal cord using the Fos immunohistochemical technique according to the pretreatment with different concentrations of BV, thirty minutes before the formalin injection. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The number of Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-LI) neurons in L2 segment of the saline-formalin treated group was significantly increased in NECK and VENT of the spinal cord as compared with that of the room control group. However, there was no significant change in the number of the Fos-LI neurons in L2 segment of the BV-formalin treated group as compared with that of the room control group. 2. The number of Fos-LI neurons in L3-5 segment of the saline-formalin group was significantly increased in all the regions of 142 the spinal cord as compared with that of the room control group. However, the Fos-LI neurons in L3-5 segment of the BV-formalin treated group was dramatically decreased in all the regions of the spinal cord as compared with that of the saline-formalin group. Therefore, these results indicated that the BV acupuncture suppressed the nociceptive neuronal activities in L3-5 of the spinal cord induced by formalin injection. 3. There was a strong positive correlation between the formalin-induced pain behavior and the number of the Fos-LI neurons in L3-5 segment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1197-1207
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• 2012

This study provides information for the design of pediatric inpatient uniforms with functionality and aesthetic beauty through a questionnaire-survey of the conditions of providing, wearing, preferences and improvement requirements for pediatric inpatient uniforms. As a result of the survey, intravenous injections were mostly given on the back of the hand, and the method of changing uniforms after intravenous injections was (in most cases) to pass the injection bottle through a sleeve or pant leg while the needle is inserted. The respondents answered that the sleeve length and pant length did not match. As a result of the preference of the pediatric inpatient design survey, respondents indicated they preferred pajama type, yellow color and medium size animal patterns. A similar ratio of set-in and raglan with no collar but with 3/4 length sleeve of round neck, front end, sleeve top opening, button closing and two pockets were preferred for shirts; however, a 3/4 length with rubber string on the waist, no opening and inner opening were preferred at the same ratio for pants. As for the method to adjust the length to assign functionality to pediatric inpatient uniforms, the most preferred sleeve was a roll-up sleeve with a strap and the most preferred pants were length adjusted pants that used a strap for both shirts and pants with a both sides strap. In addition, the majority of the respondents answered that a hand wrapper that protects the injection location during intravenous injections needs be developed. As for the development type, a half glove type and glove type were preferred in sequential order.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2020

Experimental investigations were conducted to understand the multi-staged combustion characteristics of a swirl-stabilized double cone premixed burner nozzle used for industrial gas turbines for power generation. Multi-staged combustion is implemented by injecting the fuel through the existing manifold of the side slots as well as through the apex of the cone with two fuel injection angles which are slanted or axial. NOx and CO emissions, and wall temperature distributions were measured for various fuel distributions and operating conditions. Results show that NOx emissions are decreased when the fuel distribution to the apex is 3% of the total amount of fuel, which is due to more uniform fuel distribution inside the nozzle, hence less hot spots at the flame. NOx emissions are rather increased when the fuel distribution to the apex is 8% of the total amount of fuel for axial fuel injection by occurrence of flash back in premixing zone of burner.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.365-371
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• 2000

Objectives : To describe a technique for percutaneous vertebroplasty of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures and to report preliminary results of its use. Methods : The technique was used over a 8-month period in 9 patients with 10 painful vertebral fractures. The technique involves percutaneous puncture of the involved vertebrae with a Jamshidi needle via a transpedicular approach followed by injection of polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) into the vertebral body. Results : The procedure was technically successful in all patients, with an average injection amount of 5.9 cc per vertebral body. One patient complained of flank pain postoperatively in spite of improvement in back pain caused by the fractured vertebra. Remaining eight patients reported significant pain relief early after treatment. The patients were followed up for 3 to 15 months(average 7.2 months) and demonstrated no recurrence of pain or aggravation of deformity. Conclusion : Vertebroplasty appears to be a valuable tool in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures, providing acute pain relief and early mobilization in appropriate patients. However, it needs to have more extensive prospective clinical study to confirm its definitive role in the management of this condition.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.394-404
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• 2021

Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of epidural polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) on mechanical allodynia and motor dysfunction in a rat model of lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS). Methods: This study was conducted in two stages, using male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups. In the first stage, the groups were as follows: vehicle (V), sham (S), and epidural PDRN at 5 (P5), 8 (P8), and 10 (P10) mg/kg; and in the second stage, they were as follows: intraperitoneal PDRN 8 mg/kg, epidural 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargilxanthine (DMPX) (0.1 mg/kg), and DMPX (0.1 mg/kg). The LFS model was established, except for the S group. After an epidural injection of the test solutions, von Frey and treadmill tests were conducted for 3 weeks. Subsequently, histopathologic examinations were conducted in the V, S, P5, and P10 groups. Results: A total of 65 rats were included. The P8 and P10 groups showed significant recovery from mechanical allodynia and motor dysfunction at all time points after drug administration compared to the V group. These effects were abolished by concomitant administration of DMPX. On histopathological examination, no epineurial inflammation or fibrosis was observed in the epidural PDRN groups. Conclusions: Epidural injection of PDRN significantly improves mechanical allodynia and motor dysfunction in a rat model of LFS, which is mediated by the spinal adenosine A_2A receptor. The present data support the need for further research to determine the role of epidural PDRN in spinal stenosis treatment.

• Plant Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 2021

In order to increase power plant efficiency, the steam temperature was increased to 610 ℃ which deteriorates the durability of the boiler tube and as the use of low-calorie coal increases the post combustion and delayed combustion phenomenon, the overheating of the final reheater and the tube rupture are becoming frequent. In order to prevent overheating of the final reheater, desuperheater water injection was increased, leading to a decrease in boiler efficiency. In this study install a baffle plate at the back of some overheated tube groups, thereby reduce the temperature of the tube by reducing the amount of combustion gas, and the reduced combustion gas moves to an adjacent place to increase the temperature of other tubes. As a result of the study, the temperature deviation between tubes decreased 1.5. And the heat-reducing injection amount was reduced to 6,929 kg/h and the maximum tube temperature was reduced to 623.4℃ which is 6.6℃ more below than the control standard of 630℃.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.345-352
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• 2022

Background: Optimal needle depth in transforaminal epidural injection (TFEI) is determined by body measurements and is influenced by the needle entry angle. Physician can choose the appropriate needle length and perform the procedure more effectively if depth is predicted in advance. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with lumbosacral pain from a single university hospital. The skin depth from the target point was measured using magnetic resonance imaging transverse images. The depth was measured bilaterally for L4 and L5 TFEIs at 15°, 20°, and 25° oblique angles from the spinous process. Results: A total of 4,632 measurements of 386 patients were included. The lengths of the left and right TFEI at the same level and oblique angle were assessed, and no statistical differences were identified. Therefore, linear regression analysis was performed for bilateral L4 and L5 TFEIs. The R-squared values of height and weight combined were higher than the height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). The following equation was established: Depth (mm) = a - b (height, cm) + c (weight, kg). Based on the equation, maximal BMI capable with a 23G, 3.5-inch, Quincke-type point spinal needle was presented for three different angles (15°, 20°, and 25°) at lumbar levels L4 and L5. Conclusions: The maximal BMI that derived from the formulated equation is listed on the table, which can help in preparations for morbid obesity. If a patient has bigger BMI than the one in the table, the clinician should prepare longer needle than the usual spinal needle.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 2023

Background: Ultrasound-guided first sacral transforaminal epidural steroid injection (S1 TFESI) is a useful and easily applicable alternative to fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) in lumbosacral radiculopathy. When a needle approach is used, poor visualization of the needle tip reduces the accuracy of the procedure, increasing its difficulty. This study aimed to improve ultrasound-guided S1 TFESI by evaluating radiological S1 posterior foramen data obtained using three-dimensional CT (3D-CT). Methods: Axial 3D-CT images of the pelvis were retrospectively analyzed. The radiological measurements obtained from the images included 1st posterior sacral foramen depth (S1D, mm), 1st posterior sacral foramen width (S1W, mm), the angle of the 1st posterior sacral foramen (S1A, °), and 1st posterior sacral foramen distance (S1ds, mm). The relationship between the demographic factors and measured values were then analyzed. Results: A total of 632 patients (287 male and 345 female) were examined. The mean S1D values for males and females were 11.9 ± 1.9 mm and 10.6 ± 1.8 mm, respectively (P < 0.001); the mean S1A 28.2 ± 4.8° and 30.1 ± 4.9°, respectively (P < 0.001); and the mean S1ds, 24.1 ± 2.9 mm and 22.9 ± 2.6 mm, respectively (P < 0.001); however, the mean S1W values were not significantly different. Height was the only significant predictor of S1D (β = 0.318, P = 0.004). Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided S1 TFESI performance and safety may be improved with adjustment of needle insertion depth congruent with the patient's height.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.307-310
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• 1998

Selective lumbosacral radiculography and nerve root block techniques are very useful in determining the nerve root involved. We have done the lumbar root block to 61-year-old female who had suffered from low back pain radiating to right lower leg which was not relieved by epidural steroid injection two times. $L_5$ root block was performed under the fluoroscopic C-arm guide. When the needle was in correct position, we injected contrast medium (Isovist$^{(R)}$ - 300, Schering, Germany). After we injected 1.5 cc isovist, the S1 root was figured but L5 root was not figured. When we reinjected 1.5 cc isovist, $S_1$ root was enhanced and $L_5$ root was slightly visible due to severe disc bulging and lateral spinal stenosis.