• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.138-151
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• 2021

The effect of a reactant ratio on the growth of a buoyancy-driven instability in an irreversible A+B→C reaction system is analyzed theoretically and numerically. Taking a non-stoichiometric reactant ratio into account, new linear stability equations are derived without the quasi-steady state assumption (QSSA) and solved analytically. It is found that the main parameters to explain the present system are the Damköhler number, the dimensionless density difference of chemical species and the ratio of reactants. The present initial grow rate analysis without QSSA shows that the system is initially unconditionally stable regardless of the parameter values; however, the previous initial growth rate analysis based on the QSSA predicted the system is unstable if the system is physically unstable. For time evolving cases, the present growth rates obtained from the spectral analysis and pseudo-spectral method support each other, but quite differently from that obtained under the conventional QSSA. Adopting the result of the linear stability analysis as an initial condition, fully nonlinear direct numerical simulations are conducted. Both the linear analysis and the nonlinear simulation show that the reactant ratio plays an important role in the onset and the growth of the instability motion.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2000

환원상태의 0가 금속 철($Fe^0$)에 의한 TNT의 환원반응율에 환경조건이 미치는 영향을 정량하기 위하여 회분식 반응조내의 초기 용존산소, HEPES완충액 및 전자전달체 Vitamin $B_{12}$의 농도를 변화하며 비반응상수를 측정하였다. 0가 금속 철에 의한 TNT의 환원은 모든 경우에서 유사 1차반응으로 측정되었으며, TNT의 환원시, 용액내 초기 용존산소의 농도가 높을수록 반응속도는 감소하였다. 그러나, 비반응상수는 초기용존산소의 농도에 선형적으로 비례하지 않았으며 용존산소 농도가 높아질수록 반응속도의 감소율은 감소하였다. HEPES 완충액을 사용하여 TNT환원의 비반응상수를 측정한 결과, HEPES 2.0mM용액을 사용하여 중성 부근의 pH를 유지하였을 경우 비반응속도가 5.8배 이상 증가하여 반응율은 수용액의 pH에 영향을 받는 것으로 확인되었다. 반응 속도의 증진을 위하여 전자 전달체(electron carrier or mediator) vitamin $B_{12}$를 첨가한 실험결과, vitamin $B_{12}$의 농도 8.0 $mu\textrm{g}$/L 에서 14.6배의 비반응상수의 증가가 관측되었다. 따라서, 0가 금속 철로 충진된 반응벽체를 사용하여 유기물을 제거하는 공법에서 Vitamin $B_{12}$의 첨가는 매우 유용한 처리효율 증진방안이 될 수 있다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2021

The reaction between Li₂CO₃ and Cl₂ was investigated to verify its occurrence during a carbon-anode-based oxide reduction (OR) process. The reaction temperature was identified as a key factor that determines the reaction rate and maximum conversion ratio. It was found that the reaction should be conducted at or above 500℃ to convert more than 90% of the Li₂CO₃ to LiCl. Experiments conducted at various total flow rate (Q) / initial sample weight (W_i) ratios revealed that the reaction rate was controlled by the Cl₂ mass transfer under the experimental conditions adopted in this work. A linear increase in the progress of reaction with an increase in Cl₂ partial pressure (pCl₂) was observed in the pCl₂ region of 2.03-10.1 kPa for a constant Q of 100 mL·min^-1 and W_i of 1.00 g. The results of this study indicate that the reaction between Li₂CO₃ and Cl₂ is fast at 650℃ and the reaction is feasible during the OR process.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2009

Molten iron with 2 mass % carbon content was decarbonized at 1823 K~1923 K by bubbling $Ar+O_2$ gas through a submerged nozzle. The reaction rate was significantly influenced by the oxygen partial pressure and the gas flow rate. Little evolution of CO gas was observed in the initial 5 seconds of the oxidation; however, this was followed by a period of high evolution rate of CO gas. The partial pressure of CO gas decreased with further progress of the decarbonization. The overall reaction is decomposed to two elementary reactions: the decarbonization and the dissolution rate of oxygen. The assumptions were made that these reactions are at equilibrium and that the reaction rates are controlled by mass transfer rates within and around the gas bubble. The time variations of carbon and oxygen contents in the melt and the CO partial pressure in the off-gas under various bubbling conditions were well explained by the mathematical model. Based on the present model, it was explained that the decarbonization rate of molten iron was controlled by gas-phase mass transfer at the first stage of reaction, but the rate controlling step was transferred to liquid-phase mass transfer from one third of reaction time.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2011

본 실험은 압출성형을 통한 저DE덱스트린 제조공정을 확립하기 위해서 수분함량 25, 35% 배럴온도 100, $120^{\circ}C$, 스크루 회전속도 150, 250 rpm에서 압출성형한 전분을 알 파아밀라아제로 당화시켰을 때 당화특성을 연구하였다. 수 분용해지수는 원료전분 수분함량이 25%로 감소할 경우 증 가되었으며, 수분흡착지수도 수분의 감소와 함께 전체적으 로 증가하였다. 환원당함량의 경우 수분함량이 낮고 배럴온 도 높을수록 증가되었다. 120 분간 당화 후 DE 63.8로 높 게 나타났다. 비기계적 에너지 투입량(SME)의 증가와 함께 수분용해도는 증가하는 경향이었다. 또한 수분함량의 감소 와 함께 비기계적 에너지 투입량과 수분용해도는 증가하였 다. 페이스트점도는 원료전분의 수분이 낮고, 스크루 회전 속도가 증가할수록 전분사슬의 절단에 따라 저온최고점도 가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 초기반응속도는 수분함량이 25%로 낮고 배럴온도 $120^{\circ}C$, 스크루 회전수 250 rpm에서 $2.26{\times}10^{-3}mmol/mL{\cdot}min$로 가장 높았다. 시중 호화전분 $1.83{\times}10^{-3}mmol/mL{\cdot}min$에 비해서도 높은 결과를 보였다. 당화속도상수는 히구치모델을 응용하였으며, 수분함량이 낮 고 배럴온도가 $120^{\circ}C$일 때 전체적으로 높게 나타났다. 본 실험에서 초기반응속도, 당화속도상수, 당화수율 등을 고려 할 때, 최적조건은 수분함량 25%, 배럴온도 $120^{\circ}C$, 스크루 회전속도 250 rpm이었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1513-1518
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• 2002

Kinetic studies on the water-gas shift reaction catalyzed by magnetite/chromium oxide and copper/zinc oxide were carried out by using an in situ photoacoustic spectroscopic technique. The reactions were performed in a closed-circulation reactor system using a differential photoacoustic cell at total pressure of 40 Torr in the temperature range of 100 to $350^{\circ}C.$ The CO2 photoacoustic signal varying with the concentration of CO2 during the catalytic reaction was recorded as a function of time. The time-resolved photoacoustic spectra obtained for the initial reaction stage provided precise data of CO2 formation rate. The apparent activation energies determined from the initial rates were 74.7 kJ/mol for the magnetite/chromium oxide catalyst and 50.9 kJ/mol for the copper/zinc oxide catalyst. To determine the reaction orders, partial pressures of CO(g) and H2O(g) in the reaction mixture were varied at a constant total pressure of 40 Torr with N2 buffer gas. For the magnetite/chromium oxide catalyst, the reaction orders with respect to CO and H2O were determined to be 0.93 and 0.18, respectively. For the copper/zinc oxide catalyst, the reaction orders with respect to CO and H2O were determined to be 0.79 and 0, respectively.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2001

Decomposition of trichloroethlyene(TCE) in electron beam irradiation was examined on order to obtain information on the treatment of VOC in air. Air containing vaporized TCE has been studied in a flow reactor with different reaction environments, at various initial TCE concentration and in the presence and absence of water vapor. Maximum decomposition was observed in oxygen reaction environment and the degree of decomposition was about 99% at 20kGy for 2,000ppm initial TCE. The concentration of TCE exponentially decreased with dose in air and pure oxygen. The effect of water vapor on TCE decomposition efficiency was examined. The decomposition rate of TCE in the presence of water vapor (5,600 ppm) was approximately 10% higher than that in the absence of water vapor. Dichloroacetic acid, dichloroacethyl chloride and dichloroethyl ester acid were identified as primary products of this reaction adn were decomposed and oxidized to yield CO and $CO_2$. Perchloroethylene, hexachloroethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride were also observed as highly chlorinat-ed by products.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.284-288
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• 1998

Production of inulo-oligosaccharides from inulin was carried out with the maximum yield of 94% using a purified endoinulinase from Aspergillus ficcum. The optimum reaction temperature and pH were 55-60$^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5-6.0, respectively. The Michaelis constant and maximum reaction velocity of the endoinuinase for inulin were 13.27 g/L and 0.13 g/L$.$min at 55$^{\circ}C$, pH 5.5, respectively. Inulin source had no significant effect on oligosaccharide yield and product composition, although initial production rate differed according to inulin origins. The reaction pH was a critical factor in inulo-oligosaccharide production because considerable free monosaccharides were released, decreasing oligosaccharide yield at low pH conditions. An empirical relationship describing the reaction performance was developed from kinetic data: the time to reach maximum oligosaccharide yield (tw) as a function of initial concentration of inulin (lo) and enzyme (Eo); i.e., log tM = -1.025 log Eo - 0.011 l0 + 2.655.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2004

The effect of the cobalt content on the thermodynamic and, heat and mass transfer properties of the $MmNi_{5-y}B_{y-z}C_z(y=0.5{\sim}1.5,\;z=0.5)$hydrogen storage alloys has been studied systematically. The P-C isotherms curves show that with increasing cobalt content in the alloys, the plateau pressure of the hydrogen absorption and desorption and enthalpy(${\Delta}H$) increases steeply and the plateau region becomes flat, while entropy(${\Delta}S$) decreases. Also at the constant cobalt content the hydrogen transfer rate decreases with the reaction temperature, while the initial reaction kinetics increases. But the initial reaction with hydrogen completes within 1min, although the reaction proceeds about 30minutes thereafter.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2003

황산 용액에서 Zinc-ferrite의 용해에 대한 반응속도론을 황산 용액의 반응온도와 농도 변화에 대해 조사하였다. 반응율(R)과 겉보기 반응 속도상수(K)는 황산 용액의 온도와 농도가 클수록 증가한다. Zinc-ferrite의 반응속도는 반응초기에서 $1-(1-K)^{1/3}=Kt$와 같은 속도식을 적용할 수 있다. 용해에 대한 활성화 에너지는 황산 용액의 농도에 관계없이 약 16.3kcal/mole 이다. Zinc-ferrite가 황산 용액에서 용해할 때는 Zinc-ferrite의 화학 양론적 조성으로 용해되며, Fe 또는 Zn의 단독으로는 용해되지 않는다.