• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2012

Interruption of blood flow through coronary arteries and its subsequent restoration triggers the generation of a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to myocardial cell death. In this study, we determined whether a methanol extract of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino could prevent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. When radical scavenging activity of the extract was measured in vitro using its ${\alpha}$,${\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical quenching ability, the extract showed an activity slightly lower than that of ascorbic acid. Three days after oral administration of the extract (400 mg/kg/day) to rats, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury was generated by 30 min of ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), followed by 3 hr reperfusion. Compared with the vehicle-treated group, administration of the extract significantly reduced infarct size (IS) (ratio of infarct area to area at risk) in the extract-treated group by 28.3%. Reduction in the cellular injury was mediated by attenuation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio by 33.3%, inhibition of caspase-3 activation from procaspase-3 by 40%, and subsequent reduction in the number of apoptotic cells by 66.3%. These results suggest that the extract attenuates myocardial injury in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion by scavenging ROS, including free radicals, and consequently blocking apoptotic cascades. Therefore, intake of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino might be beneficial for preventing ischemic myocardial injury.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.391-397
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Myocardial cell death due to occlusion of the coronary arteries leads to myocardial infarction, a subset of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary fiber is known to be associated with a reduced risk of CHD, the underlying mechanisms of which were suggested to delay the onset of occlusion by ameliorating risk factors. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that a beneficial role of dietary fiber could arise from protection of myocardial cells against ischemic injury, manifested after occlusion of the arteries. MATERIALS/METHODS: Three days after rats were fed apple pectin (AP) (with 10, 40, 100, and 400 mg/kg/day), myocardial ischemic injury was induced by 30 min-ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 3 hr-reperfusion. The area at risk and infarct area were evaluated using Evans blue dye and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, respectively. DNA nicks reflecting the extent of myocardial apoptosis were assessed by TUNEL assay. Levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Supplementation of AP (with 100 and 400 mg/kg/day) resulted in significantly attenuated infarct size (IS) (ratio of infarct area to area at risk) by 21.9 and 22.4%, respectively, in the AP-treated group, compared with that in the control group. This attenuation in IS showed correlation with improvement in biomarkers involved in the apoptotic cascades: reduction of apoptotic cells, inhibition of conversion of procaspase-3 to caspase-3, and increase of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a determinant of cell fate. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that supplementation of AP results in amelioration of myocardial infarction by inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, the current study suggests that intake of dietary fiber reduces the risk of CHD, not only by blocking steps leading to occlusion, but also by protecting against ischemic injury caused by occlusion of the arteries.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to verify the interaction between food and ampicillin which is one of the aminopenicillins known to be absorbed by a specified dipeptide transporter in the small intestine. The absorption of ampicillin was measured in the presence of the high carbohydrate food, high fat food, and high protein food, and compared with that in the presence of the control normal food. In situ single-pass perfusion method was chosen in these experiments using two jejunal segments in the rat. Reduction in the absorption of ampicillin was not shown, when both high carbohydrate food and high fat food were co-perfused with ampicillin. When the high protein food was co-perfused with ampicillin, the difference of $C_{out}/C_{in}$ of ampicillin ratio was $0.084\;{\pm}\;0.082$, showing a trend of reduced absorption without a significance. Further, glyclysarcosine (Gly-Sar) which is a stable dipeptide in the small intestine was used in order to see the direct competitive inhibition with ampicillin on the dipeptide transporter. The difference of $C_{out}/C_{in}$ ratio was $0.078\;{\pm}\;0.020$ in the presence of 10 mM Cly-Sar, showing a significant inhibition of ampicillin absorption (p < 0.02). It suggests that dietary di- and tripeptides, the digestive products of protein food, might have influence on the absorption of ampicillin, and that ampicillin could be given at the lasting state for better absorption.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2004

Batch test methods have developed for a long time to measure kinetic and stoichiometric parameters which are required to perform steady state design and mathematical modelling of activated sludge processes. However, at various So/Xo ratios, abnormal behaviors of ordinary heterotrophic organism in batch tests have been reported in many researches. Thus, in this research, abnormal behaviors of heterotrophs in batch tests were investigated at various So/Xo conditions by measuring and interpreting oxygen utilization rate. As So/Xo ratio increased, the calculated values of maximum specific growth rates, ${\mu}_{H,max}$ and $K_{MP,max}$, increased. However, at a certain point of So/Xo (around 10mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), ${\mu}_{H,max}$ and $K_{MP,max}$ values started to decrease. According to this observation, three prominent behaviours of heterotrophs were identified at various So/Xo conditions. (1) At low So/Xo region (below 5 mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), the oxygen utilization rate of heterotrophs in batch tests were almost stable and consequently yielded lower maximum specific growth rate. (2) At high So/Xo region (up to 5~10 mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), oxygen utilization rate incresed sharply with time and indicated more upward curvature than the predicted OUR with conventional activated sludge model, which consists of single hetetrotrophs group. Thus, in this region, competition model of two organisms, fast-grower and slow-grower, seemed to be appropriate. (3) At extremely high So/Xo region (over 10mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), significant oxygen utilization rate was still observed even after depletion of readily biodegradable COD. This might be caused by retarded utilization of intermediates which were generated by self inhibition mechanism in the process of RBCOD uptake.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1999

In this study, it was attempted to remove nitrate and carbon in a single-stage reactor using acetate as substrate. Hybrid type upflow sludge baffled filter reactor was adopted using anaerobic sludge. Sludge bed in the bottom of reactor was intended to remove carbon and nitrate by denitrification and methanogenesis. And floating media in the upper part of reactor were intended to remove remaining carbon which was not removed due to the inhibition of nitrogen oxide on methane producing bacteria. The reactor removed over 96% of COD and most of nitrate with volumetric loading rate of $4.0kgCOD/m^3{\cdot}day$, hydraulic retention time of 24hr, 4,000mgCOD/L, and $266mgNO_3-N/L$. Nitrate in anaerobic sludge was converted to nitrogen gas(denitrification) or ammonia (ammonification) according to pH of influent, COD removal efficiency was easily affected by the change of volumetric loading rates and nitrate concentration. And when influent pH was about 4.7, most nitrate changed to ammonia while when influent pH was about 6.8~7.0, most nitrate denitrified independent of $COD/NO_3-N$ ratio. Most granules were gray and a few were black. In gray-colored granule, black inner side was covered with gray substance and SEM illustrated Methanoccoci type microorganisms which were compact spherical shape. Anaerobic filter removed residual COD effectively which was left in sludge bed due to the inhibition of nitrogen oxide.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.74-83
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• 2003

Microcystin, stable compounds with circular heptapeptides, is presented inside cyanobacterial cell. So far, over 30 types have been known to exist and microcystin-LR, RR among them are the most potent toxin compound. By this reason, a strong oxidant, ozone was used in this study to remove the microcystins produced by cyanobacteria. Removal efficiency of microcystin at M water treatment plant was also evaluated. Microcystin concentration was determined by protein phosphatase inhibition assay. The results showed that dissolved microcystin in raw water detected in the range of 0.011-0.028 ㎍ Microcystin-RR equivalent/l. Above 98% of microcystin was removed through overall treatment system. Therefore, the water treatability of M treatment plant seemed to be excellent. Removal efficiency of microcystin according to unit process varied as characteristics of raw water such as DOC, UV/sub 254/ and turbidity. Removal efficiency of microcystin by ozonation was investigated in laboratory according to contact time and ozone dose. Dissolved microcystin was increased by twice fold according to ozone contact time, but increased by fifth fold according to ozone dose. So, changing of ozone dose more affected microcystin release than changing of ozone contact time. Behavior of microcystin by ozonation was similar to that of DOC, and residual ozone concentration gave influence to removal ratio of microcystin. In conclusion, single ozone treatment wasn't effective on microcystin removal in case of water containing a lot of cells. Therefore, it's more effective to use ozonation process after the removal of cyanobacterial cells in advance.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 1989

최소 생산배지에 포함된 25mM 이상의 무기인(Inorganic phosphate)은 Cephalosporium acremonium의 생육은 증대시켰으나, cephalosporin C(CPC) 생산은 감소시켰다. Phosphate-starved 휴지세포계를 이용하여 균체내의 ATP, ADP와 AMP를 측정하였다. 그 결과로부터 무기인은 adenylated nucleotide의 농도의 비율로 표시되는 energy charge를 조절하여 CPC 생산성에 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한, 무기인에 의한 CPC 생합성은 repression 효과에 의한 것이 아니라 inhibition 효과에 의해 조절받는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1979

토양원으로 부터 분리된 Actinomycetes 120여주를 대상으로 S.D.I에 의해 마우스의 복수암인 Ehrlich ascith carcinoma 및 Sarcoma 180 세포의 succinate dehydrogonase 활성을 조해하는 물질을 강하게 생성하는 균 1주(As-568)를 선별하였으며 이 활성물질은 정상조직인 간, 신장, 뇌등에는 아주 강한 inhibition index를 나타내었으나 (20％ 이하) 암조직에서는 50％ 정도의 선택적 조해작용을 나타내었다. glucose-asparagine 배지에서 4∼S일간 배양하였을 때 가장 높은 역가의 활성물질을 생성하였으며 본 물질은 중성영역의 pH 및 열에 대해서는 비교적 안정한 고분자의 비투석성 물질로 추정된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1163-1169
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• 2014

Astragalus, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, has exhibited antitumor actions in patients. In this study, in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of astragalus and synergistic antitumor efficacy in combination with pterostilbene were investigated. Melanoma cells were treated with pterostilbene (Pt), graduated doses of astragalus injection (AI), or these in combination. Cell viability was measured using a MTT assay. Released nucleosomes and caspase activity were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo was also assessed. Analysis of variance and t tests were used for statistical analysis. Significant reduction (p<0.05) in cellular proliferation were observed with AI and AI-Pt in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Apoptosis and caspase-3/7 activity were significantly increased by AI and AI-Pt treatment (p<0.05). In vivo, AI inhibited melanoma tumor growth, with inhibition rates ranging from 36.5 to 62.3%, by inducing apoptosis via up-regulation Bax expression and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and down-regulating Bcl-2 expression. AI significantly inhibits the growth of melanoma in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis. These data suggest that combined treatment of astragalus with pterostilbene enhances antitumor efficacy.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.81-89
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• 1995

The antitumor activities of the cell bound polysaccharide(CBP), water soluble polysaccharide(WSP) and sulfated polysaccharide(SP) of Zoogloea sp. were observe. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The CBP, WSP, and SP showed cytotoxic effect on the Meth A cells in vitro, however, the effect of CBP and WSP was more ten-fold greater than that pf SP. 2) When CBP, WSP, and SP was inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of the Meth A cells transplanted mice, the average survival days tended to prolonged slightly as compared with the control. 3) When Meth A cells were transplanted subcutaneously into the back side of mice, and then CBP, WSP, and Sp was inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of mice, the tumor growth inhibition ratio was 46.9% for WSP, 40.4% for CBP, and 16.2% for SP. 4) The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages elicited with CBP, WSP, and SP was significantly increased than that of control. 5) The production of nitric oxide in the peritoneal macrophages stimulated with CBP, WSP, SP, and LPS aloneo was not increased than that of control. The production of nitric oxide in the peritoneal macrophages stimulated with IFN-r and CBP, IFN-r and WSP and IFN-r and SP was significantly increased than that of control, but in the case of stimulated with IFN-r and WSP was increased 50% for CBP and SP. These results suggest that the CBP, WSP and SP of Zoogloea sp. showed direct cytotoxic effect and tumor growth inhibition on Meth A cells in vitro and in vivo, and induced nitric oxide production of activated macrophages.