• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.305-313
• /
• 2021

This study verified the antioxidant and whitening activities of a Pinus koraiensis extract (PK) and a Hibiscus cannabinus L. extract (HC), and further evaluated the interaction of the extract ingredients when mixed at a 1:1 ratio (PKHC). The electron-donating and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities of the PKHC extract at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration were 93.7% and 94%, respectively, indicating a higher efficacy than achieved with either extract alone. Measurements of the tyrosinase the activities in response to PK, HC, and PKHC extracts at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentrations showed inhibitions of 40%, 27.5%, and 43%, respectively, confirming a higher efficacy of the mixture due to the synergistic action of the ingredients. The cell toxicity values in melanoma cells treated with PK, HC, and PKHC at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration were 87.4%, 80.2%, and 98%, confirming a higher viability in cells treated with the mixture due to antagonism. The expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), and tyrosinase protein expression determined by Western blotting decreased by 53.9%, 64.8%, 67.3%, and 56.1%, respectively, when PKHC was administered at a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) results also showed that PKHC at a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml inhibited the mRNA expression of MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase mRNA by 54.4%, 64.9%, 66.6%, and 63.1%, respectively. Taken together, the data confirmed the antioxidant and whitening effect of the PKHC extract and verified the possibility that this extract mixture has great potential as a cosmetic ingredient.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.36 no.9
• /
• pp.898-907
• /
• 2003

Antioxidative function of uncooked powdered food (Sangsik) was evaluated in rats consuming nutritionally unbalanced diet including 1％ cholesterol, high proportion of animal lipids (lard : soybean oil : 8 . 2) , sub-optimal levels of vitamin and mineral mixture along with 0.5% ethanol in drinking water. The uncooked powdered food tested in the present study was a mixture composed of 42 kinds of plant foods (cereals, legumes, seaweeds, vegetables, and fruits) supplemented with vitamins and minerals, and dietary fiber. Control rats were fed the semi-purified diet based on the AIN-93G composition, and nutritionally unbalanced rats were divided into 3 groups, and fed one of the following diets with 0.5% ethanol in drinking water for 5 weeks : unbalanced control diet (UC) ,20% Sangsik powder supplemented diet (S20), and 40% Sangsik powder supplemented diet (S40) . Food efficiency ratio was significantly higher in rats fed S40 compared to the value for rats fed UC (p < 0.05). Hepatic level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly lower in rats fed UC compared to that for control rats (p < 0.05) , and was not influenced by dietary supplementation of the Sangsik powder. Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly higher in rats fed UC compared to that for control rats (p < 0.05) , and significantly reduced in rats fed S20 or S40 compared to the value for unbalanced control rats. Feeding unbalanced control diet significantly reduced the ratio of hepatic GSH-Px ＋ catalase/SOD activities compared to the value for control rats, and this decrease in the ratio of antioxidant enzyme activities was reversed by adding the Sangsik powder to the diet at 20% (p <0.05) . Based on the results of antioxidant enzyme activities, feeding uncooked powdered diet appears to provide a favorable environment for body's antioxidative defense mechanism. Serum levels of Fe and Cu were significantly lower in rats fed the Sangsik powder supplemented diets compared to the value for unbalanced control rats (p < 0.05) , and levels of Se, Mn, and Zn were also tended to be decreased by dietary supplementation of the Sangsik powder. These results postulate the possibility that ingredients used in the uncooked powdered food may decrease the bioavailability of trace elements in rats.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 2007

To evaluate the feed value of starfish, antimicrobial effects of its extract, nutrients contents, concentration of amino acids and its bioavailability were tested. Steaming and ether processes were applied to obtain the extract from starfish for antimicrobial effects examination. The starfish was dried at $60^{\circ}C$ for 3 days before grinding for processing and fermentation. Ground starfish(GS), extruded starfish(ES), fermented starfish(EFS) were added with enzyme and without enzyme(Non enzyme fermented starfish : NEFS). Then the nutrient composition and bioavailability of those were analyzed. The extract from starfish showed no inhibition of the growth of lactobacillus and pathogenic bacteria. Protein content showed significantly higher 62.86% and 52.82%, respectively in EFS and NEFS than GS and EGS(p<0.05). The Ca content of GS, EGS, EFS and NEFS was 17.26%, 18.26%, 5.37% and 8.55%, respectively. It was low in EFS and NEFS due to measure the Ca content after fermentation. Total amino acid was 17.17 mg/g, 20.28 mg/g, 36.30 mg/g and 29.96 mg/g in GS, EGS, EFS and NEFS, respectively. The ratio of total amino acid to protein tended to show the similar tendency as total amino acid. Both total amino acid and its ratio to protein were increased by the fermentation. Bioavailability of the protein and Ca showed more 80% in EFS and NEFS. The nutrients availability of EFS were significantly higher in laying hens than other treatments. The results of these experiments indicate that starfish would be applied as a feed ingredients if it was properly treated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.942-947
• /
• 2003

The effects of anti-stress rose (Rosa mutiflora) fruit extract yoghurts (RFEY-1.0, RFEY-3.0, RFEY-5.0 containing with 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0% of rose fruit extract) were tested for the anti-stress effects. ICR male mice (20$\pm$2 g) were fed with basic experimental diets and given free access to water containing these ingredients for 18 days. Psychological stress and sociopsychological stress exposed by foot-shock for 1 hour (10 sec duration at intervals of 120 sec) every day for 3 days. RFEY-1.0, RFEY-3.0, RFEY-5.0 groups in the sociopsychological stress resulted in a significant decrease of 11.7%, 16.0% and 24.7% in plasma corticosterone (CS) secretion compared with psychological stress (control group). Noradrenaline (NA) secretions in the brain were significantly increased 15.6%, 25.0% and 40.8%, respectively, in RFEY-1.0, RFEY-3.0, RFEY-5.0 groups compared with control group. MHPG -SO$_4$ (3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethyleneglycol sulfate) levels in the brain resulted in a marked decreases of 17.0%, 25.3% and 28.4%, respectively, in RFEY-1.0, RFEY-3.0, RFEY-5.0 groups compared with control group. NA/MHPG-SO$_4$ ratios in the brain of RFEY-1.0, RFEY-3.0, RFEY-5.0 groups resulted in a significantly increase of 39.5%, 67.3% and 96.3%, respectively, compared with control group. These results suggest that rose fruit extract yoghurt may be tried to apply for human consumption such as sociopsychological stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.437-444
• /
• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate food label perception and utilization classified by age and sex. Questionnaires were collected from 938 male and female customers aged in their 20's to 50's from February 4th to March 30th 2014. Regarding checking food labels at the time of purchase, 73.8% of consumers checked food labels, and there was a significant difference by age and sex. Female more often checked food labels than males, and the 40's group showed a higher ratio of checking food labels than other age groups. The main reason for checking food label was 'confirming expiration date' (60%), 'ingredients' (16.4%), and 'nutrition contents' (13.7%). The main reason not checking food labels was 'too small and insufficient to understand' (50.3%), 'too difficult to understand' (16.4%), and 'have no concern' (14.9%). There was a significant difference by age, as in the 50's group showed a higher ratio of 'too small and insufficient to understand' than the other age groups, and 20's and 30's groups showed a higher ratio of 'too difficult to understand'. The overall satisfaction score was 2.96, awareness score was 2.88, and reliability score was 2.93. A total of 96% answered that food labelling education is needed. Therefore, food labelling education for consumers is required to encourage consumers to purchase healthy foods.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.56 no.5
• /
• pp.537-553
• /
• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of complementary baby food products sold in Korea according to the baby food stages and food composition. Methods: A total of 1,587 complementary food products sold online and offline between March and December 2021 were investigated. They ranged from liquid meals to solid rice for babies aged 5 to 36 months. Results: The number of intakes per packaged volume was 2.8 in Stage 1, 1.9 in Stage 2, 1.4 in Stage 3, and 1.1 in Stage 4 (p < 0.0001). The dietary variety scores (DVS) of the complementary baby food products were 3.4 in Stage 1, 5.5 in Stage 2, 7.1 in Stage 3, and 9.7 in Stage 4 (p < 0.0001) and showed a significant increase in the later stages. The Korean dietary diversity score (KDDS) significantly increased from 2.3 in Stage 1, to 2.8 in Stage 2, 3.0 in Stage 3, and 3.4 in Stage 4 (p < 0.0001). The higher the baby food stage, the higher the proportion of grains/meat/vegetable ingredients. The ratio of protein intake to Adequate Intake (AI) or Recommended Nutrition Intake (RNI) was higher in products with a KDDS of 3 points or more, or in products with 2 points or fewer in Stages 1 and 2 (p < 0.0001, respectively). The ratio of protein intake to RNI increased as the KDDS score increased in Stages 3 and 4 (p < 0.0001, respectively). For all stages of baby foods, the ratio of protein intake to AI or RNI was high in products that included the meat group (beans, nuts, meat, eggs, fish, and shellfish) (p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: Continuous research and nutritional evaluation are required for establishing nutrient content standards for commercially available baby foods, considering breast milk intake.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.117-123
• /
• 2012

Nuruk contributes to the unique characteristics of Korean alcoholic beverages. In this study, the effects of nuruk extracts (NE) on anti-oxidant characters, melanogenesis, and anti-photoaging activity were investigated. NEs were obtained from the 70% ethanol extracts of six types of nuruk, which have been used in brewing of fermented alcohol beverages in Korea. First, various antioxidant characteristics were identified in terms of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression, and inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity. NE#4 exhibited potent ABTS radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$ = 19.51 ${\mu}g$/mL). Compared with NE#4, relatively lower levels of activity were observed for NE#3 and NE#6, with $IC_{50}$ values of 90.99 and 76.88 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. According to results of western blot analysis for determination of SOD expression in $H_2O_2$-treated HepG2 cells, NE#5 and NE#6 induced a dramatic increase in the expression ratio of SOD, compared to the group treated with $H_2O_2$ only. Activity of xanthine oxidase, which converts xanthine into uric acid, generating superoxide ions, was inhibited by NE#4 and NE#6 in a dose-dependent manner. NE#4 induced significant inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity. A reduction in cellular melanin contents of 80% was observed in B16F1 melanocytes treated with NE#5 and NE#6; these effects were similar to those of arbutin at 100 ${\mu}M$. In addition, gelatin zymography and reverse transcription-PCR analysis were performed for assessment of anti-photoaging activity of Nuruk. Treatment with NE#6 resulted in dramatically inhibited activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9, suppressed expression of MMP-1, and increased expression of type-1 procollagen. Results of gelatin zymography for NE#4 and NE#5 were similar, to a slightly lesser degree. These results suggest the potential of NE#4 and NE#6 as natural ingredients for use in functional foods and cosmetics.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.278-284
• /
• 2020

Magnolia kobus is known to exert various biological effects, such as antioxidant and hypnotic activity. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of M. kobus essential oil extracted using steam distillation. Its antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the paper disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring its inhibition ratio on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Its composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that M. kobus essential oil exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with a clear zone of 18 mm and an MIC value of 0.25 mg/ml. Its clear zones against P. aeruginosa and E. coli were 14 mm and 17 mm, respectively, while its MIC values were 1 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The essential oil exhibited no cytotoxicity to the RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 500 ㎍/ml while showing NO (37.7%) and PGE₂ inhibition (24.0%). Its three main fragrance ingredients identified were 3-carene (77.07%), β-elemene (6.92%), and caryphyllene (2.86%). The results suggest that M. kobus essential oil has potential as a cosmetic functional material with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.15 no.11
• /
• pp.285-295
• /
• 2017

This study aims to provide basic data on useful functional ingredients in red ginseng by studying the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of convergence of ginsenoside Rh2(Rh2) and compound K(CK) isolated from amplified red ginseng. Therefore we examined cytotoxicity in Hep3B, activity of IL-6 induced STAT3 luciferase and survival concentration of cells in B16F10 and HaCa T. According to the experimental results, when the Rh2 and CK mixture were 10 ug/ml, there was no cytotoxicity in Hep3B cells and the anti-inflammatory effect of IL-6 reduction ratio was 102%. In addition, Rh2 and CK mixture were observed to be toxic in melanoma cell line B16F10 and HaCa T (human keratinocyte) at 50 uM. FACS(fluorescence activated cell sorting) analysis showed that annexin V was not expressed and melanoma cells and keratinocyte were desorbed and killed. It can be assumed that the mechanism of killing through this phenomenon is due to the cell death of anoikis-type, and it is necessary to study the changes of cell adhesion proteins in the future in order to clarify the cell death signal system.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2018

Background: Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. is a plant belonging to Saxifragaceae family and contains various active ingredients including astilbin and bergenin. It has been used as a traditional Korean medicine to improve fever, pain, and cough. Recently, a number of Korean medical resources have been studied for cancer and inflammation treatment, but A. chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. has not yet been investigated. Consequently, this study investigated the inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts from A. chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. (ARE) on oxidative stress and colorectal cancer using RAW264.7 and the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT-116. Methods and Results: In total, $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ ARE reduced cell viability by $38.96{\pm}1.32%$, and increased caspase-3 activity by $133.08{\pm}3.41%$ in HCT-116 cells. Moreover, TUNEL signaling and the early apoptosis ratio ($34.56{\pm}1.67%$) increased by $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ ARE treatment. $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress and cell death were diminished by $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ ARE treatment through decreasing ROS (reactive oxygen species). Conclusions: The inhibitory effects of ARE against human colorectal cancer cells is mediated by apoptosis and caspase-3 activation, and $H_2O_2$-induced ROS generation and cell death are decreased by ARE treatment in RAW264.7 cells. However, further study is required to explore how ARE treatment is involved in the signaling pathway to decrease ROS.