• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 1999

In order to find optimum conditions for somatic embryogenesis from different individual (2-year-old) in Aralia elata were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 3% sucrose, and 0.3% gelrite. We also investigated the effect of MS medium salt concentration, BA and ABA on the embryo germination and plant regeneration. While noticeable difference was observed on somatic embryo induction among different individual tree, no apparent difference was seen in both germination and regeneration frequencies. Compared with nonembryogenic calli, embryogenic calli tended to look yellow and/or pale brown in color, slowly growing and soft in their texture. Regardless of BA or ABA treatment, half-strength MS salt medium proved to be better than full strength MS medium in both embryo germination and plant regeneration. Both hypocotyl and cotyledon developments were slightly promoted by adding 0.1 mg/L BA. However, its effect on germination and regeneration seemed inferior to control. ABA treatment on somatic embryos at their torpedo and early cotyledonary stages resulted in poor response in germination and regeneration. Although most regenerated plantlets varied greatly in cotyledon number and shape, they could be developed into normal plants after 4 weeks in culture. More than 95% plantlets were acclimatized in an artificial soil mixture, successfully transplanted to nursery bed and grew normally without any phenotypic abnormalty.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.4 s.59
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• pp.870-883
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• 1997

The health center has to play an important role in promoting community health and satisfying a variety of community health needs and demands in the decentralized Korea. The nearly enacted Community Health Act compels every health center to make its own health plans which intend to deal with local health problems and plan its future health care. This obligation is obviously a big burden to most health centers. They do not have experiences in and abilities of making local health care plans. In order to establish a systematic community health plan, health centers have to concentrate their efforts on enhancing the ability of making health care plan through gathering and analysing the local health informations. However, it is very difficult in reality. This is simply because it will take long time to accomplish these activities. It seems natural that various professionals and researchers participate in carrying out the process of making community health plan in the initial stage. No standardized methodology and analysing framework exist even in the health professional society. Nonetheless, it is common to introduce survey research methodologies in analysing consumer's health care utilization and cost, and in identifying factors influencing health behaviors. Many researchers and professionals have applied social survey methodologies in obtaining information on providers and health policy makers as well. The authors have found that few studies have ever utilized local health data stored at the self-employed medical insurance society as the data source of planning activities. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the usefulness of the data stored at the Sung-Dong Gu Self-employed Medical Insurance Society in establishing the community health plan. The major contents of this study are as follows ; 1. frequency of utilization by age, area, sex, type of medical care institutions, and some major diseases 2. Medical treatment by type of medical care institutions, by classification of 21 diseases, by frequency of three-character categories 3. Medical treatment of major neoplasm and some chronic diseases by age, sex, and area. The conclusion of this study is that it is of great potentiality to find out the local health problems and to use them in blueprinting the community health plan through comparing the frequency of medical utilization analyzed by a variety of variables with NHI health data or the health data from survey research.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.200-204
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• 2006

Purpose: Determination of pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio (QP/QS) is important for the management of patients with left-to-right shunt. This study was performed to assess the agreement of Qp/Qs ratio using the radionuclide method and oxymetry, to investigate the factors influencing the agreement, and to know how interchangeable the results of each technique. Materials and Methods: We compared the Qp/Qs measured by single-pass radionuclide angiocardiography and oxymetry during catheterization in 207 patients who underwent both studies. In radionuclide method, Qp/Qs was calculated from the pulmonary time-activity curves using a gamma variate fit. The correlation and Bland-Altman analysis were performed according to the levels of shunt and associated lesions. Results: The mean Qp/Qs was $1.83{\pm}0.50$ by radionuclide, and $1.74{\pm}0.51$ by oxymetry. The overall correlation coefficient was 0.86(p<0.001), and Bland-Altman range of agreement encompassing 4SD was 1.05. For atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, tricuspid and mitral insufficiency, the correlation coefficient was 0.78, 0.90, 0.84, 0.63 and 0.44, and Bland-Altman range was 1.51, 0.74, 0.96, 1.57, and 1.50, respectively. Conclusion: There is good agreement but wide variance between the Qp/Qs ratios by radionuclide method and oxymetry. Associated atrioventricular valvar insufficiency decreases the correlation coefficient and widens the variance. Wide overall variance suggests that Qp/Qs measurements by two techniques should not be used interchangeably.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.155-182
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• 1998

There exists a remarkable differences in use of MRI scanning among income classes. The poor can hardly utilize it. This is because, among high cost technnologies, MRI is the only equipment not covered under health insurance benefits in Korea. This study was designed 1) to reveal the status of nation-wide MRI installation, customary charges and per unit annual scanning performance, and 2) to analyse factors influencing the above variables. The data for this study came from "MRI Prevalence Survey" conducted by the National Federation of Medcial Insurance(NFMI) in 1997, and were analyzed through SAS packages for T-test, analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression. Data were collected from 188 hospitals equipped with MRI scanners. Major findings are summarized as follows : The number of MRI scanners has increased from 69 in 994 to 158 in 1996(2.3 times) while per unit annual scanning performance has risen by 11.2% from 2,173 cases in 1994 to 2,417 cases in 1996. Such a rapid increase was made possible mainly due to the inclusion of CT scanning under the health insurance benefit package. The customary charges for MRI scanning with or without contrast media, on average, amounted to 484,000 Won and 402,000 Won, respectively, with the percentile increase of 17.8% and 8.1% each during the same time. Korea ranks the third worldwidely in terms of number of MRI installations, 4.8 scanners per one million persons, only next to Japan and United States. Geographical variation of MRI, however, was rather high, 7.91 unit, in Cheju area compared to 1.82 in Kyongnam area. Variations of customary charges of MRI scanning can be explained as much as by 44.8% by both the total amount of claims to NFMI and geographical variable. The charges were more likely to be higher in metropolitan areas like Seoul and in hospitals with a bigger amount of claims. While those of per unit annual scanning performance can be explained as much as by 30.7% by both MRI installation cost and level of MRI-installed organizations. Per capital scannig performance was higher in tertiary hospitals and hospitals equipped with more expensive scanners than hospitals with less expensive scanners. Two measures are called for the remedying the existing excessive abundance in MRI units in korea : One is to set a ceiling of MRI units in an area like a province or a metropolitan district. The other is to establish a committee on introduction of high cost technologies for reviewing its effective use.ctive use.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 1983

Pulmonary function is the determinant of blood gas tension. However, Acid-Base disturbances can also alter partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. During respiratory acidosis $PO_2$ will be lowered and reverse changes will be produced during respiratory alkalosis. On the other hand, in metabolic acidosis $PO_2$ will be elevated and $PCO_2$ will be lowered by the respiratory compensation, and reverse response will be induced in metabolic alkalosis. Urinary gas tension has many influencing factors than arterial blood and difficult to estimate the tendency of its alterations. Urinary $PO_2$ and $PCO_2$ are not always identical level as venous blood. It is to be altered by blood gas tension, flow rate of urine, metabolic rate of kidney, and Acid-Base status of blood. Particularly countercurrent exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the renal medulla will make larger alteration of gas tension than venous blood. After induction of Acid-Base disturbances [disturbances] arterial and urinary $PCO_2$, $PO_2$, urinary volume, and osmolarity were determined in dogs, and the relationships between arterial and urinary $PCO_2$ , $PO_2$ Acid-Base disturbances, urinary volume, and osmolarity were investigated. 1. During the acute Metabolic and Respiratory disturbances urinary pH did not respond on respiratory origin. However, there were immediate urinary response in pH on metabolic origin. 2. Urinary $PO_2$, $PCO_2$, did not always follow arterial or venous gas tension and Acid-Base disturbance. Urinary $PCO_2$, correlate well with the urinary volume. The larger the urinary volume, $PCO_2$ lowered to the venous level. The smaller the urinary volume, urinary $PCO_2$ tends to be higher. However urinary $PO_2$ did not have any particular correlation with urinary volume. 3. Correlation between urinary $PCO_2$ and $PO_2$ were inversely proportional to arterial blood. Differences of $PCO_2$ between arterial blood and urine also did not have any particular correlation with urinary volume. This may suggest that changes on blood gas tensions can influence on urinary $PCO_2$. 4. There were eminent clear inverse correlation between urinary $PCO_2$ and osmolar concentrations of urine. Above results strongly suggest that partial pressure of gas in urine primarily depend upon counter-current exchanges in renal medullary tissues.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

This study was conducted to reveal the effects of local climatic conditions on the early growth of Korean white pine progeny test stands. For this, stand variables such as mean DBH, mean height, basal area per hectare, and volume per hectare by stand age and locality were first measured and summarized for each stand. Based on these statistics, annual increments for 10 years from stand age 10 to 20 were calculated for each of stand variables. The effects of local climatic conditions as one of environmental factors on the growth were then analyzed by both a topoclimatological method and a spatial statistical technique. From yearly climatic estimates,30 climatic indices which affect the tree growth were computed for each of the progeny test stand. The annual increments were then correlated with and regressed on the climatic indices to examine effects of local climatic conditions on the growth. Gapyung area provided the best conditions for the early growth of Korean white pine and Kwangju area ranked second. On the other hand, the growth pattern in Youngdong ranked last overall as expected. It is also found that the local growth patterns of Korean white pine in juvenile stage were affected by typical weather conditions. The conditions such as low temperature and high relative humidity provide favor environment for the early growth of Korean white pine. Especially, it was concluded that the low temperature is a main factor influencing the early growth of Korean white pine based on the results of correlation analysis and regression equations developed far the prediction of annual increments of stand variables.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.123-133
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was performed to understand smoking condition and to investigate the relations among knowledge regarding smoking and oral hygiene, awareness of anti-smoking policy, and self-esteem, to provide fundamental basis, developing programs for smoking prevention and anti-smoking. Methods : From September 7, 2010 to September 16, 2010, questionaire survey was conducted for 566 female university students studying dental hygienics at a local district in Jeollanam-do. Collected data was analyzed by Chi-square test, t-test, one way ANOVA, Scheffe multiple range test, Perason's correlation test, and stepwise multiple regression test. Results : 1. Smoking condition of study subjects on general characteristics showed 17.1%, where 14.0% of previous smoking history, and 68.9% of currently nonsmoker. 2. Analysis on the knowledge related to smoking and oral hygiene, awareness of anti-smoking policy, and self esteem on the general characteristics of study subjects have shown better awareness of anti-smoking policy in non-alcoholics. Significant difference was found in knowledge about smoking and awareness of anti-smoking policy according to current resident status, but no difference found in self-esteem. Higher academic grade was related to higher awareness of anti-smoking policy and better ics. aalcell. Better health, but no diffeoral hygiene were related to better awareness of anti-smoking policy, and bewhich were statistically significant. Favorable interpersonal self-estehip was related to better awareness of anti-smoking policy. 3. Analysis on knowledge regarding smoking related health and oral hygiene, awareness of anti-smoking policy, and self-esteem showed higher level of anti-smoking knowledge in non-smoking group(60.44) compared to currently smoking group or group with previous history of smoking, and better awareness of anti-smoking policy in non-smoking group(53.54) than other groups, which was statistically significant. 4. Correlation analysis among smoking related knowledge, awareness of anti-smoking policy, and self-esteem has found relatively high correlation between smoking related knowledge and awareness of anti-smoking policy, which was statistically significant(r=0.481, p<0.001). 5. Among factors influencing awareness of anti-smoking policy, higher level of smoking related knowledge and satisfaction to specialty was related to higher awareness of anti-smoking policy which was lower in current smoker than past smoker, and higher academic grade was related to higher awareness of anti-smoking policy. Conclusions : Following results emphasize the need to establish a novel curriculum by which effective programs for smoking prevention and education of anti-smoking specialist could be provided as well as promoting coaching anti-smoking activity.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of values on major satisfaction in dental hygiene students. Methods: The subjects were 214 dental hygiene students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do who filled out the self-reported questionnaire after receiving informed consents from January 20 to February 15, 2014. Except incomplete answers, 187 data were analyzed using PASW Statistics 18.0 for Scheffe post hoc test, Pearson correlation coefficient, hierarchical regression analysis, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of the subjects and values. General characteristics consisted of gender, age, grade, school record, major choice motivation, and the influencing person to choose the major. The instrument for values was modified from Shin based on MILOV(Multi-Item Measures Of Values) and two professors of dental hygiene verified the validity of the instrument. Instrument for values consisted of 7 questions of values for self-respect, 6 questions of relation oriented values, 5 questions of emotion oriented values, and 5 questions of values for others measured by Likert 5 scale. Cronbach's alpha was 0.769 in the study. The instrument for major satisfaction was modified from Na based on Program Evaluation Survey of Illinois University and two professors of dental hygiene verified the validity of the instrument. Major satisfaction consisted of 7 questions of general satisfaction, 5 questions of consciousness satisfaction, 5 questions of curriculum satisfaction and 3 questions of relation satisfaction measured by Likert 5 scale and Cronbach's alpha was 0.887 in the study. Results: Values of self-respect, relationship orientation and grade had significant influence on general satisfaction, while values of self-respect, relationship orientation and gender had significant influence on consciousness satisfaction. Values of relationship orientation, grade and school record had significant influence on curriculum satisfaction. Grade showed significant influence on relationship satisfaction. Conclusions: Values of self-respect and relationship orientation are the most important factors in dental hygiene students. The guidance for professional career and major satisfaction can be accomplished through the values of self-respect and relationship orientation.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density and remaining teeth in Korean adults. Methods: Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES) 5th Year 1(2010), 1,985 adults over 50 years old having bone mineral density test were selected. Male adults were 883, and female adults were 1,102. The raw data consisted of general characteristics of the subjects, bone density data, and oral examination data. The questionnaire consisted of general health survey, laboratory examination study, and nutrition study. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program for multiple regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test. The variables included general characteristics of the subjects, health behavior, diet habit, and oral health behavior. General characteristics consisted of gender, age, residence area, education level, marital status, monthly income, and vocation. Health behavior consisted of smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index(BMI), physical activity, and mental health. Diet habit consisted of frequency of meal, milk, coffee, and calcium ingestion. Oral health behavior consisted of frequency of tooth brushing, use of oral health care devices, and oral examination. Systemic diseases were measured by the questionnaire for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Bone density was measured in T-score of femoral bone, neck of femur, and lumbar vertebrae. Bone density was classified into normal($T-score{\geq}-1.0$), osteopenia(-2.5 < T-score < -1.0), and osteoporosis ($T-score{\leq}-2.5$). The remaining teeth were measured by the differences between normal teeth and missing teeth. Results: Smoking and age are the most influencing factors on the number of remaining teeth and bone density(p<0.01)(p<0.05). Those who had higher bone density, younger age, and nonsmoker significantly had more remaining teeth. Those who were men, diabetic, lowly educated women, and low birth weighted persons tended to have less number of teeth(p<0.01). Conclusions: The study suggested that there were significant differences between men and women according to the oral health management behavior and systemic disease control. Proper management of the oral health and good quality of bone mineral density can reserve the remaining teeth through the whole life.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.67-88
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• 1999

Ground settlements induced by tunnel excavation cause the foundations of the neighboring superstructures to deform. An expert system called NESASS was developed to analyze the structural safety of such superstructures. NESASS predicts the trend of ground settlements to be resulted from tunnel excavation and carries out a safety analysis for superstructures on the basis of the predicted ground settlements. Using neural network techniques, NESASS learns a data base consisting of the measured ground settlements collected from numerous actual fields and infers a settlement trend at the field of interest. NESASS calculates the magnitudes of angular distortion, deflection ratio, and differential settlement of the structure and, in turn, determines the safety of the structure. In addition, NESASS predicts the patterns of cracks to be formed on the structure using Dulacskas model for crack evaluation. In this study, the ground settlements measured from the Seoul subway construction sites were collected and sorted with respect to the major factors influencing ground settlement. Subsequently, a database of ground settlement due to tunnel excavation was built. A parametric study was performed to verify the reliability of the proposed neural network structure. A comparison of the ground settlement trends predicted by NESASS with the measured ones indicates that NESASS leads to reasonable predictions. An examples is presented in this paper where NESASS is used to evaluate the safety of a structure subject to deformation due to tunnel excavation near to the structure.