• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.3265-3271
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• 2010

A series of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-hydroxyphenyl-2-benzylidine-3-substituted hydrazino thiazolo (2,3-b) quinazolines have been synthesized to meet the structural requirements essential for anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties. The synthesized series of heterocycles, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-hydroxyphenyl-2-benzylidine-3-substituted hydrazino thiazolo (2,3-b) quinazoline by the reaction of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-hydroxy phenyl thiazolo (2,3-b) quinazolin-3(2H)-one with appropriate hydrazine hydrate and ketones/aldehydes in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid as presented in Scheme 1. Their antinociceptive activity were evaluated by tailflick technique, anti-inflammatory was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema test and their ulcerogenicity index determined by reported protocol. The compounds exhibited the lowest ulcer index ($0.51{\pm}1.63$, $0.48{\pm}1.28$ and $0.50{\pm}1.53$, respectively. The 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-hydroxy phenylhydroxy-2-benzylidine-3-(N'-3-pentylidenehydrazino) thiazolo (2,3-b) quinazoline and 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-hydroxy phenyl-2-benzylidine-3-(N'-2-pentylidene-hydrazino) thiazolo (2,3-b) quinazoline exhibited the most potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.286-290
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• 2013

This study was carried out to the determine the effects of the water extract of Viticis Fructus (Verbenaceae, WEVF) on experimental allergic reactions and inflammation. WEVF was anally administered to mice for high and fast absorption. WEVF inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated local allergic reaction. Histamine releasing from mast cells was reduced by WEVF, which was mediated by modulation of intracellular calcium. In addition, WEVF decreased the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-stimulated HMC-1 cells. These findings demonstrate that the WEVF possesses antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activities, which may be mediated by reducing the release of mediators such as histamine from mast cells and weakening the inflammatory action of these mediators.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2013

The present study was designed to determine the effect of the Sandalwood Essential Oil (Santalum album) on pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, iNOS expression and IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cells. The cell toxicity was determined by MTS assay. To evaluate of anti-inflammatory effect of Sandalwood Essential Oil, amount of NO was measured using the NO detection kit and the iNOS expression was measured by western blot analysis and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. As a result, Sandalwood Essential Oil reduced NO, iNOS expression and IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ production without cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that the Sandalwood Essential Oil may have an anti-inflammatory property through suppressing inflammatory mediator productions and appears to be useful as an anti-inflammatory oil.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.92-98
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• 2019

Metformin is a drug used for the treatment of diabetes and is associated with anti-inflammatory reaction, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of metformin on the inflammatory response in BV-2 microglial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8). The results revealed that metformin significantly attenuated several inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells, including the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6, involved in the activation of Beclin-1, a crucial regulator of autophagy. In addition, metformin inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK. Metformin also suppressed the activation of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasomes composed of NLRP3, caspase-1, and apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, which are involved in the innate immune response. Notably, metformin decreased the secretion of S100A8-induced IL-6 production. These findings suggest that metformin alleviates the neuroinflammatory response via autophagy activation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.503-509
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• 2021

Marine sources as potential treatment options for various diseases have been a subject of growing interest. However, information on the anti-inflammatory mechanism employed by Undaria pinnatifida (UP) remains limited. The present study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms of UP on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory response. To determine the pharmacological mechanism of UP in inflammatory reaction, we evaluated the effects of UP on interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and caspase-1 activation in calcium ionophore A23187 plus phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated human mast cells-1 (HMC-1). The results showed that UP suppressed IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α production in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, UP significantly attenuated NF-kB/caspase-1 activation in stimulated HMC-1. Collectively, these findings provide experimental evidence that UP may be a useful candidate for the inflammation-related diseases treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.261-268
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• 2021

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) on proliferation, migration, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The proliferation and migration of BMSCs were examined after treatment with CMC. The effect of CMC on the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, was also evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the proliferation assay, no significant changes were found at all CMC concentrations compared with controls. The migration assay showed that CMC dose-dependently stimulated the migration of BMSCs in normal and LPS-treated conditions. RT-PCR showed that TNF-α and IL-10 expressions were suppressed in the BMSCs after CMC treatment. However, other genes were not affected. Taken together, CMC promoted BMSC migration and inhibited TNF-α and IL-10. Therefore, CMC may be possible to regulate wound healing when mesenchymal stem cells are applied in inflammatory diseases.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.55-55
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• 2021

Hibiscus hamabo is a deciduous shrub that grows around salt marshes and is considered a semi-mangrove plant found in Asia. There are no studies on the biological activity of H. hamabo except for studies on the anthocyanin content. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of H. hamabo extract (HHE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. As nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) induced by LPS moves into the nucleus, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inflammatory cytokines are promoted and the inflammatory reaction begins. The nitric oxide (NO) production decreased by the treatment of HHE. Moreover, mRNA levels of inflammation-related cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, were significantly suppressed by HHE. Similarly, the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were also decreased. The phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of NF-κB, was suppressed by HHE. As a result, HHE can be used as an effective natural material for the anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.914-920
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• 2002

This experiment is carried out for test whether the addition temperament drugs of Danchisoyo-san have an anti-inflammatory effect and have suppression effect on immunocyte in the state of inflammation which induced by carageenan and zymosan. The freezing lyophilization powder which were extracted from Danchisoyo-san divided low dose group(200mg/kg-DSL) and high dose group(500mg/kg-DSH) and after melting in water, it was orally administered to the mouse. Compared with inflammation induced group which were induced by triggering-inflammation reagent carageenan and zymosan and normal contrast group, we measured the edema decrement effect, macrophage and spleen cell activation. 1. Danchisoyo-san has suppress inflammatory reaction induced by carrageenan. 2. Danchisoyo-san has suppress increasing activation of abdominal cavity macrophage cell in the carrageenan induced inflammation. 3. Danchisoyo-san has suppress increasing activation of spleen cell in the carrageenan induced inflammation. 4. Danchisoyo-san has suppress increasing activation of abdominal cavity macrophage in the zymosan induced inflammation. 5. Danchisoyo-san has suppress increasing activation of spleen cell in the zymosan induced inflammation. Based on the above result, Danchisoyo-san was improved its suppression effect to the inflammatory reaction through the suppression of spleen cell and macrophage activation. So we concluded that Danchisoyo-san is prospected as a anti-inflammatory agent to cure inflammation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

Dangguisoo-san (DGSS), a traditional Korean herbal formula, has been prescribed to patients who suffer from various symptoms related with blood stagnation. Since inflammation can cause blood stagnation, we hypothesized that DGSS suppresses inflammation, relieving the symptoms associated with blood stagnation. In this study, given that DGSS is prepared in a mix of alcohol and water, we prepared the methanol (mDGSS) and water extract (wDGSS) of DGSS and compared their activities in suppressing inflammatory reaction. Western blot analyses show that mDGSS was more effective than wDGSS in activating Nrf2, a key factor that suppresses inflammation. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR shows that mDGSS activating Nrf2 resulted in the induction of Nrf2-dependent genes expression. However, mDGSS was not effective in suppressing the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$, a key factor that promotes inflammation, and the expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$-dependent genes such as TNF-a and IL-1b. When comparing with wDGSS, mDGSS was less effective in suppressing luciferase activity driven by $NF-{\kappa}B$. Therefore, our results show that mDGSS has the anti-inflammatory function by mainly activating Nrf2, while wDGSS does by both activating Nrf2 and suppressing $NF-{\kappa}B$. Our results suggest that preparing DGSS in a mix of water and methanol is a better way to achieve a strong anti-inflammatory efficacy of DGSS.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.70-78
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was aimed at examining the effects of the application of EA (electroacupuncture) at GV20 and LI4 in the early cerebral ischemia on the size of cerebral infarction, COX-2 and IL-6. Methods : For this experiment, 21, six-week-old male S-D (Sprague - Dawley) rats weighting 160g to 200g were selected and randomly classified into 3 groups, seven rats in each group. Brain ischemia was simulated using a modified Koizumi method which was performed on each rat. In the GV20 group, the GV20 of the SD rats was stimulated for thirty minutes with acupunctural electrode low frequency stimulator five hours after inducement of ischemia. For the LI4 group, the LI4 was stimulated as above, while for the Ischemia group, no stimulation was applied. Twenty-four hours after the experiment, stained cerebral tissues were examined and an immuno-histological test was done to examine inflammatory reaction Results : Out of the three groups, the LI4 group showed the smallest size of cerebral infarction and the Ischemia group showed the highest COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) expression value in the cortex of the cerebrum. In addition, the LI4 group showed the lowest COX-2 expression value in unknown putamen out of the three groups. Conclusions : We infer that EA, applied at LI4 and GV20 in early ischemia, is effective in delaying the expression of IL-6 (interleukin-6) and COX-2, the inflammatory agents manifested from stroke. In addition, application at LI4, rather than GV20, can lower the expression value of the inflammatory agents. Further, EA can be an effective way to block early inflammatory reaction in stroke.