• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1019-1024
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• 2012

Background: Infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) are highly prevalent among sexually active young women in India. However, not much is known about the incidence of type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and their patterns of persistence, especially in the Indian context. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of acquisition and persistence of HPV types in young women. Methods: Women residing in an urban slum in Delhi (n=1300) were followed for 24 months at 6 monthly intervals. Exfoliated cervical cells collected at each visit were tested for the presence of HPV DNA. Genotyping was performed using the reverse line blot assay. Results: The incidence rate for any HPV type was calculated to be 5 per 1000 women-months. Among high risk HPV types, HPV16 had the highest incidence rate followed by HPV59, HPV52 and HPV18, i.e., 3.0, 0.58, 0.41 and 0.35 women per 1000 women-months respectively. The persistence rate was higher for high-risk than low-risk HPV types. Among low-risk types, HPV42, HPV62, HPV84 and HPV89 were found to persist. Whereas almost all high risk types showed persistence, the highest rate was found in women with HPV types 16, 45, 67, 31, 51 and 59. The persistence rate for HPV16 infection was 45 per 1000 women-months. Conclusion: Incident HPV infections and high risk HPV type-specific persistence were found to be high in our study population of young married women. Understanding the patterns of HPV infection may help plan appropriate strategies for prevention programs including vaccination and screening.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.281-284
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• 2014

Immune defense responses against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Previously, we reported that expression of the bradykinin receptor (BR) is induced in response to P. aeruginosa infection. However, the factors responsible for the induction was uncertain. Here, we found that the type III secretion system (T3SS) is responsible for the induction of BR expression, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk), as a novel T3SS effector, mediates the upregulation. The Ndk-mediated expression of BR was not induced by fliC mutant treatment, indicating the involvement of flagellin, one of the well-known pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Taken together, this study demonstrated that Ndk cooperates with flagella in the development of defense responses against P. aeruginosa infection.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2019

Purpose: We studied the pathogens and trends in antibiotic sensitivity pattern in children with urinary tract infection (UTI) over 8 years in order to evaluate adequate treatment. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of children with UTI from January 2009 to December 2016 in Daegu Fatima Hospital. Uropathogens and antibiotic sensitivity patterns were selected. Only 1 bacterial species with a colony count of ${\geq}105CFU/mL$ was considered a positive result. We compared 2 periods group (A: 2009~2012, B: 2013~2016) to investigate trends of antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Results: During the 8 year period, 589 cases are identified (E. coli was cultured in 509 cases, 86.4%). Among all patients, this study investigated the antibiotic sensitivity of E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility to ampicillin was steadily low for both periods (A: 32.6%, B: 40.1%, P=0.125), and to amikacin was consistently high for both periods (A: 99.4%, B: 99.3%, P=1.000). Antibiotic sensitivity to third-generation cephalosporin decreased from period A to B (A: 91.7%, B: 75.5%, P=0.000). Antibiotic sensitivity to quinolone significantly decreased from A to B (A: 88.4%, B: 78.2%, P=0.003). The prevalence of extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing E. coli increased from period A to B (A: 6.1%, B: 17.1%, P=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that conventional antibiotic therapy for the treatment of pediatric UTI needs to be reevaluated. A careful choice of antibiotic is required due to the change in antibiotic sensitivity and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1521-1525
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• 2014

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide and the association between HPV infection and genital cancers has been well established. This study concerned the possible role of HPV infection in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods: We examined 80 tissues obtained from patients with colorectal cancer consisting of 58 colon cancer samples and 22 rectal cancer samples and 80 tissues from patients with unremarkable pathologic changes as matched controls by sex, study center and anatomical sites. HPV infection and genotypes were detected using nested PCR and sequencing methods, respectively. Results: HPV DNA was detected in 5/80 (6.25%) cases including 1 of 22 (4.54%) patients with rectum cancer and 4 of 58 (6.9%) patients with colon cancer and 1/80 (1.25%) of controls. Furthermore, HPV-18 was detected as the most frequent type and we found no significant correlation between prevalence of HPV infection and anatomical sub- sites. Conclusions: Although a causal relation between human papillomavirus and colorectal cancer was not found through this study, analysis of medical records pointed to a possible role for high- risk types of HPV in increasing the potential of aggressiveness in colorectal cancer. This study shows a particular frequency of HPV genotypes in patients with colorectal cancer in Iran. Since HPV vaccines are limited to a few types of virus, using cohort studies in different geographical zones to screen for patterns of HPV infection in different organs might increase the efficacy and optimization of the current vaccines.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2016

Background: Clinical differences in Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) in children and adolescent patients according to abnormal infiltrate patterns on the chest X-ray were compared. Methods: From 2012 to 2015, patients (n=336) diagnosed with MP at Yeungnam University Medical Center have been classified as eiher lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia based on the infilterate patterns observed on chest X-ray. Cases were analyzed retrospectively for gender, age, seasonal incidence rate, main symptoms (fever duration, extrapulmonary symptoms), and laboratory results, including white blood cell count, hemoglobin, platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as well as concurrent respiratory virus infection. Results: The following results were observed. First, lobar pneumonia affected 22.0% of all MP patients and was the most common in preschool children, with a high incidence rate in November and December. Second, lobar pneumonia had a longer fever duration than bronchopneumonia (p<0.001), and also showed significantly higher platelets (336.8 vs. $299.1k/{\mu}L$, p=0.026), ESR (46.3 vs. 26.0 mm/hr, p<0.001) and CRP (4.86 vs. 2.18 mg/dL, p=0.001). Third, viral co-infection was more common in bronchopneumonia (p=0.017), affecting 66.7% of infants and toddlers (p=0.034). Finaly, lobar consolidation was most common in both lower lobes. Conclusion: MP in children has increased in younger age groups, and the rate of lobar pneumonia with severe clinical symptoms is higher in older children.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2006

Klebsiella pneumoniae is the leading cause of nasocomial infection and the most commonly isolated from clinical specimens. $Extended-spectrum-{\beta}-lactamase$ (ESBL) producing K. pneumoniae infection was associated with a significantly longer duration of hospital stay and greater hospital charges. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antibiotic resistant patterns and the DNA fingerprint types of extended-spectrum ${\beta}-lactamase$ (ESBL) producing K. pneumoniae. 223K. pneumoniae strains were collected from three general hospitals with more than 500 beds in Busan, Korea from September 2004 to October 2005. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics was measured using the Gram negative susceptibility (GNS) cards of VITEK (Vitek system, Hazelwood Inc., MO). Random amplified polymorphic DNA method was used to detect DNA fingerprint of the organisms. Of the 226 K. pneumoniae isolates 65 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains were detected by the Vitek system and confirmed by the double-disk synergy test. All the 65K. pneumoniae strains were resistant cefazolin, cefepime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam, and 83.0% of the organisms were resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam, 66.1% to tobramycin, 67.6% to piperacillin/tazobactam, 61.5% to ciprofloxacin, and 47.6% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 43.0% to gentamicin. The RAPD patterns were distincted as 10 types by three random 10-mer primers (208, 272, 277). Among ten type patterns, three types (Ic, IIb, IIIe) were remarkably represented at patient of internal department, nerve surgery department, general surgery department, and neonatal room. These results indicate that RAPD can be useful for DNA of strains typing in the epidemiological investigations. Therefore more investigation are needed in order to prevent the ESBL type-producing K. pneumoniae from spreading resistance to oxyimino cephalosphorin antibiotics.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3167-3172
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• 2015

Background: Understanding the history of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is important for interpretation of a positive HPV DNA screening test, future work-up and treatment. We investigated the transition of HPV DNA test results in Korean women, and analyzed the association of cytology result with transition type. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed annual HPV DNA test results for 5,274 subjects between January 2005 and December 2012. Each subject had a minimum of five annual tests over the eight-year period. Based on the pattern of results, the transition type for each subject was assigned to one of the following: negative, persistent, latent, transient, and unclassifiable. Associations of cytology results with the HPV DNA transition types, number of positive results, and the durations of positive results were also analyzed. Results: The proportion of abnormal cytology findings decreased in the following order of transition patterns: persistent, latent, transient, and negative. Among transient patterns, a duration of three years or more significantly correlated with cytology results of non-high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; p<0.001). In the persistent group, duration of five years or more correlated with both non-HSIL and HSIL (p<0.001). Latent group showed no correlation with duration. Irrespective of patterns, having five or more positive results was significantly associated with HSIL (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our findings may contribute to better understanding of HPV infection, interpretation of HPV DNA screening results, and prediction of prognosis according to transition type.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2018

IFIT1 (also known as ISG56) is a member of the interferon-inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) family. IFITs are strongly induced by type I interferon (IFN), double-stranded RNA and virus infection. Here, we investigated IFIT1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in human bronchus epithelial cells (BEAS-2Bs) induced by the H9N2 virus and inactivated viral particle at different time points. We also investigated the effect of H9N2 virus and viral particle infection on $IFN-{\alpha}/{\beta}$ production, and assessed whether hemagglutinin or neuraminidase protein induced IFIT1 expression. Results showed that both H9N2 virus infection and viral particle inoculation induced the expression of IFIT1 at mRNA and protein levels in the two cell lines. Hemagglutinin or neuraminidase protein binding alone is not sufficient to induce IFIT1 expression. Surprisingly, the expression patterns of IFIT1 in response to H9N2 virus and viral particles in the two cell lines were opposite, and production kinetics of $IFN-{\alpha}/{\beta}$ also differed. An additional finding was that induction of IFIT1 in response to H9N2 virus infection or viral particle inoculation was more sensitive in HUVECs than in BEAS-2Bs. Our data offers new insight into the innate immune response of endothelial cells to H9N2 virus infection.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 1989

The distribution pattern of Clonorchis sinensis metacercaria in Pseudorasvora parva population and correlation between P. parva and metacercaria of C. sinensis were studied. The surveved areas were Chomanpo and Bulamdong, Kim-Hae Gun which were endemic area of clonorchiasis, and wansa, Sa-Chon Gun, Souh Kyong-Sang Do. The results are as follows: 1) The areas of Chornanpo and Wansa showed high infectivity in 99-100% of infection rate and 282-308 of average infection number per-fish. But the area of Bulamdong showed relatively. low infectivity in 95.8% of infection rate and 44 of average infection number. 2) The distribution patterns of C. sinensis metacercaria in P. parva population which were collected in Chomanpo and Wansa were shown Poisson distribution and the distribution pattern in Bulamdong showed mid-pattern of shifting over from Poisson distribution to Negative binomial distribution. 3) The correlation between P. parva length and average number of C. sinensis metacercaria in the present studied areas represented as direct proportion relationship.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.587-591
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• 2004

Blood samples from 622 pigs of 44 farms which were sero-positive to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) by ELISA method were collected from May 2003 to July 2004. And they were divided into 2 categories : M. hyo-vaccinated group (7 swine farms) and M. hyo-non-vaccinated group (37 swine farms). Then, each swine farm was analysed by sero-positive percentage per weeks of age. It was observed that the sero-positive percentage to M. hyo is directly proportional to weeks of age in the 44 swine farms that were selected. This meant that there has been a chronic infection of M. hyo in Korean swine herds and control of M. hyo infection did not have worked efficiently. In 7 M. hyo-vaccinated swine farms, there were no reliable patterns between sero-positive percentage to M. hyo and weeks of age. Although the swine farms have been used M. hyo vaccine, they had only little sero-positive percentage that was less than 50% at 6 to 11 weeks of age. This means a present vaccination program does not induce sufficiently a seroconversion expected. In 37 M. hyo-non-vaccinated swine farms, it was observed that sero-positive percentage was higher at above 15 weeks of age. This result showed that infection of M. hyo occurred commonly at between 7 and 12 weeks of age, at which pigs moved to the growing house. Because a risk of natural infection is severe at growing stage as well as nursery stage, it suggested that M. hyo vaccination at several weeks prior to the growing stage will give efficient effect to control the enzootic pneumonia.