• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2009년도 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.220-227
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• 2009

For last about 10 years, the Republic of Korea experienced 3 times of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) from 10 December 2003 to 30 April 2004 (a total number of 19 outbreaks), 22 November 2006 to 6 March 2007 (a total number of 7 outbreaks), and 1 April 2008 to 12 May 2008 (a total number of 33 outbreaks). Among the totally 59 outbreaks, the infected premises included 35 chicken farms, 17 duck farms, 1 quail farm, and 6 farms rearing mixed species. Control measures were applied according to the HPAI standard operation procedure including depopulation of all infected and suspected flocks, movement restrictions, and disinfection of the infected farms within a 500-meter radius. Including movement restrictions, stringent control measures were additionally applied to two designated zones: the protection zone was an area within a 3-kilometer radius of the outbreak farm, and the surveillance zone was an area between a 3- to 10-kilometer radius of the outbreak farm. Farms with dangerous contacts and/or all of poultry within the protection zone was subjected to preemptive culling. Epidemiological investigations were also carried out including trace-back and trace-forward investigations to identify possible sources of spread and dangerous contact farms. Investigation teams conducted on-site examination of farm premises and facilities, interview with farm owner and staff, and review of records. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of the virus isolates, and the results of the various surveillance activities were also analyzed. HPAI surveillance conducted in Korea includes passive surveillance of investigating notified cases, and active surveillance of testing high risk groups and areas. HPAI is a notifiable disease in Korea and all suspect cases must be reported to the veterinary authorities. Cases reported for other poultry diseases that require differential diagnosis are also tested for HPAI. Active surveillance includes annual testing of breeder duck farms, broiler duck farms and wild bird surveillance, which is concentrated during the autumn and winter. Surveillance activities conducted prior to the outbreaks have shown no evidence of HPAI infection in Korea.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2000

$TGF-{\beta}_1$ is a potent chemotactic factor for inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. It also stimulates the celluar source and components of extracellular matrix and the production of proteinase inhibitors. Collectively, these biologic activities lead to the accumulation and stabilization of the nascent matrix, which is vital to infection control. The objective of this study is to investigate production of $TGF-{\beta}$ in vitro fibroblast culture in the presence of Staphylococcus enterotoxin B(SEB) and/or lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and to elucidate the role of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ which may be responsible for infection control. The fibroblasts were originated from gingiva and facial dermis in 26 year-old male patient. In the presence of LPS($0.01{\mu}g$, $0.1{\mu}g$, $1.0{\mu}g$), SEB($0.01{\mu}g$, $0.l{\mu}g$, $1.0{\mu}g$) respectively, $cells(5{\times}10^3ml)$ were cultivated in vitro. At 1, 3, and 5 days after incubation, cells were counted. Also, $cells(2.5{\times}10^5ml)$ were cultivated in EMEM with LPS(0.01, 0.1 and $1.0{\mu}g$), SEB(0.01, 0.1 and $1.0{\mu}g$) respectively and $LPS(0.1{\mu}g)$ and $SEB(0.1{\mu}g)$ in combination for 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively. Culture supernatants were harvested at 1, 2, and 3 days after incubation period and triplicate culture supernatants were pooled and $TGF-{\beta}_1$ was assayed in duplicate. The results were as follows. 1. In gingival fibroblast induced with SEB and LPS respectively or in combination, the suppression of cell Proliferation occurred very significantly since 3 days after incubation, compared with the control and the production of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ occurred very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. 2. In facial dermal fibroblast induced with SEB and LPS respectively or in combination, the suppression of cell proliferation occurred very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. In SEB exposure, the production of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ was decreased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. However, in LPS, SEB and LPS exposure, the production of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ was increased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. In conclusion, the concentration of bacterial toxins and the incubation period correlated with cell proliferation and production of $TGF-{\beta}_1$ very significantly. The gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts have different phenotype each other The orchestrated understanding of fibroblast proliferation and $TGF-{\beta}_1$ production play an important part in host defense against the bacterial Infection and may prevent tissue necrosis such as necrotizing fasciitis and life-threatening syndrome such as multiple organ failure.

• Mycobiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.288-296
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• 2015

Thailand is one of the largest citrus producers in Southeast Asia. Pathogenic infection by Phytophthora, however, has become one of major impediments to production. This study identified a pathogenic oomycete isolated from rotted roots of pomelo (Citrus maxima) in Thailand as Phytophthora nicotianae by the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Then, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of Chaetomium globosum, Chaetomium lucknowense, Chaetomium cupreum and their crude extracts as biological control agents in controlling this P. nicotianae strain. Represent as antagonists in biculture test, the tested Chaetomium species inhibited mycelial growth by 50~56% and parasitized the hyphae, resulting in degradation of P. nicotianae mycelia after 30 days. The crude extracts of these Chaetomium species exhibited antifungal activities against mycelial growth of P. nicotianae, with effective doses of $2.6{\sim}101.4{\mu}g/mL$. Under greenhouse conditions, application of spores and methanol extracts of these Chaetomium species to pomelo seedlings inoculated with P. nicotianae reduced root rot by 66~71% and increased plant weight by 72~85% compared to that in the control. The method of application of antagonistic spores to control the disease was simple and economical, and it may thus be applicable for large-scale, highly effective biological control of this pathogen.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.553-562
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• 2004

To investigate protective activity in pepper plants, which were pre-inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus intra radices (Gi), against pathogenic strain Phytophthora capsici (Pc), pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and antioxidant enzymes were examined. The growth of root and shoot was the highest in peppers inoculated with G. intraradices, compared with non-inoculated control plants and those challenged by the pathogen with and without mycorrhizae after nine days of infection. Mycorrhizal colonization rate was reduced by about 10% in pathogen-challenged plants, but disease pressure was reduced. The activities of PR proteins, $\beta$-1- 3-glucanase and chitinase, were increased in Pc-treated plants compared to Gi+Pc-treated plants in leaves, but those in roots were suppressed. Superoxide dismutase activity and $H_2O_2${/TEX> content in Gi+Pc and Pc-treated plants were gradually increased in leaves. However, those in roots continuously increased up to 5 days, and then decreased dramatically. Peroxidase activity in leaves and roots increased after P. capsici infection both in plants inoculated with or without G. intraradices. These results suggest that AM fungi, G. intra radices, potentially act as one of the protective agents against plant pathogens. Changes of PR proteins and antioxidative enzymes in mycorrhizae-inoculated pepper appear to be regulated differently in leaves and roots by pathogen infection.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.372-379
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on antibacterial activities and wound healing effect of silver containing dressings with which of Betadine against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: One full thickness skin defects in rats(n=72) were developed on the back and were given rise to infection with S. aureus(n=36) and P. aeruginosa(n=36). The 72 mice were divided into 6 groups : Acticoat$^{(R)}$, Aquacel$^{(R)}$-Ag, Medifoam silver$^{(R)}$, Polymen silver$^{(R)}$, Ilvadon$^{(R)}$ and Betadine(control group) dressing groups. Five silver containing dressings and Betadine were assesed on infected wound. Measurement of wound size change, bacterial colonies count and histologic findings was applied. Antibacterial activity was analyzed with bacterial restricted zone in Mueller Hinton agar. Results: On S. aureus, wound size was more decreased in all treated groups as compared with betadine, however Ilvadon$^{(R)}$ was less decreased on P. aeruginosa. In histologic findings, experimental group showed more effective findings than others on S. aureus, however on P. aeruginosa, which was showed similar. Acticoat$^{(R)}$ was best effective in wound healing against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The bacterial colonies count was increased in all treated groups except Acticoat$^{(R)}$ as compared with the control group on S. aureus, which was decreased in Acticoat$^{(R)}$ and Ilvadon$^{(R)}$ group on P. aeruginosa. There were not statistical differences. The restricted zone was shown in Mueller - Hinton agar of all groups except Medifoam silver$^{(R)}$ group on S. aureus, which was shown of all groups on P. aeruginosa. There were statistical differences. Conclusion: This study suggests that silver containing dressings may have not better potential than Betadine in assisting management of wounds at risk of infection on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. However, which have better antibacterial activity on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.595-605
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• 2021

An understanding of the knowledges, attitudes and perceptions of different populations is key for public health policy makers. Here, a survey was performed on knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about malaria diagnosis, prevention, control, and treatment. The 407 survey participants included both uninfected inhabitants and patients from 2 cities (Gimpo- and Paju-si) of Northern Gyeonggi-do, known as high-risk areas for vivax malaria. We used community-based study design and non-probability sampling method using the primary data. Association between variables were tested using χ²-tests. In general, the information on malaria reported by the participants in this study was unsystematic and included inaccurate details. The knowledge of malaria symptoms, identified as headache, chills and fever, was high, but the surveyed community lacks knowledge of the specific medications used for malaria treatment, with a large number of respondents having no knowledge of any form of medication. Survey questions with high correct answer rates included questions about easy treatment of malaria in Korea, the high daytime activity of malaria-borne mosquitoes, and the infection risk posed by outdoor activities. However, a large portion of the respondents was unable to provide simple medical and biological information about the disease. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practical behavior of the surveyed community with respect to malaria and the implications reported here could be applicable to other malaria endemic areas in Korea.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1033-1045
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• 2016

Objectives: This research was conducted to recognize dental health care employees' awareness of patient safety culture and to examine the association between awareness of patient safety culture and patient safety activities. Methods: The subject of this research includes the dental health care employees from 11 different dental hospitals in the nation, dental offices in the 6 different general hospitals in Seoul, and 4 different private dental offices in 2014. A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 485 dental health care employees from March 17 to April 3, 2014. Multiple regression models were used in the analysis. Results: First, the dental health employees' awareness of patient safety culture was 3.25 on average. The extent of patient safety activities was 2.75. The behavior of the supervisor/manager and the adequate explanation showed positive correlation with r=0.213 (p<0.001). The process of communication and the preventative inspection of the medical equipment showed negative correlation with r=-0.258 (p<0.001), and especially the awareness of patient safety culture and the infection control exercise showed the most significant correlation (r=0.293, p<0.001). Second, hospital environment factor of patient safety perceptions positively were related to most of patient safety management activities after controlling several covariates. Conclusions: The result of this research showed that most of the patient safety culture perceptions positively were correlated with patient safety activities. We also found that proper hospital environment, simple communication process, and positive perceptions for patient safety level were more likely to perform patient safety management activities after controlling several covariates. Improving the patient safety perceptions of dental hospital workers is an important consideration.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2004

본 연구는 양식 넙치, Paralichthys olivaceus에서 희석 백신의 장시간 처리 효과를 조사하였다. 넙치에 상업용 에드워드 백신 (5㎎/ℓ)을 $10^0$, $10^{-1}$, $10^{-2}$ and $10^{-3}$로 희석하여 2분 (short immersion, SI)과 24시간 (prolonged immersion, PI) 침지한 다음 시험어의 비특이적 면역계 (혈청 라이소자임, 살균능)와 특이적 면역계 (응집항체가)의 활성과 Edwardsiella tarda 공격에 대한 방어력의 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과 에드와드 백신을 $10^{-1}$과 $10^{-2}$로 희석하여 장시간 침지 투여 시험구가 고농도 백신의 단시간 침지 시험구에 비하여 혈청 라이소자임 활성과 보체의 살균능이 높았으며 에드워드균 감염에 대한 방어력도 높았다. 따라서 희석 백신을 장시간 침지 처리하는 방법은 백신 효과를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2003

본 연구는 넙치의 수온 스트레스에 대한 사료첨가제(미역 5%, 미역 10%, 어보산 0.5%, 고추냉이 잎 2%, 고추냉이 줄기 2%)의 영향을 혈액학적, 면역학적 측면과 Edwardsiella tarda를 사용하여 질병에 대한 저항성으로서 평가하였다. 혈장의 글루코즈와 콜티졸 농도는 1차 수온 변동 후 대조구에 비하여 미역 5%와 고추냉이잎 2% 첨가구에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 1차 수온 변동 후 혈장 라이소자임 활성과 E. tarda의 공격 시험 후 생존율은 미역 5% 첨가구에서 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 본 실험 결과 미역 5% 첨가 사료 투여는 넙치의 스트레스 상태에서 질병 감염에 대한 저항성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1125-1131
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• 2014

Background: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease causing chronic ill health in humans with a serious consequences for socio-economic development in tropical and subtropical regions. There is also evidence linking Schistosoma mansoni to colonic carcinoma occurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate some inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as L-fucose as linkers between intestinal schistosomiasis and colonic dysplasia development in mice. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted upon 80 mice that were divided the control group (10 non infected mice) and infected group which was subdivided into 7 sub-groups (10 mice each) according to the time of sacrifaction in the post infection (p.i.) period, 10 mice being sacrificed every two weeks from 6 weeks p.i. to 18 weeks p.i. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels were estimated by immunoassay. The L-fucose level, and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were also evaluated in colonic tissue. Results: The current study revealed statistically significant elevation in the studied biochemical markers especially at 16 and 18 weeks p.i. The results were confirmed by histopathological examination that revealed atypical architectural and cytological changes in the form of epithelial surface serration and nuclear hyper-chromatizia at 14, 16 and 18 weeks p.i. Conclusions: inflammation, oxidative stress and L-fucose together may form an important link between Schistosomal mansoni infection and colonic dysplasia and they can be new tools for prediction of colonic dysplasia development in experimental schistosomiasis.