• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.351-371
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• 2022

Milk fats are present as globules emulsified in the aqueous phase of milk and stabilized by a delicate membrane architecture called milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The unique structure and composition of the MFGM play an important role in fat digestion and the metabolic programming of neonates. The objective of this review is to compare the structure, composition, and physicochemical characteristics of fat globules in human milk, bovine milk, and infant formula. It provides an overview of the fat digestion process and enzymes in healthy infants, and describes the possible roles of the MFGM in association with factors affecting fat digestion. Lastly, the health benefits of the MFGM on infant nutrition and future perspectives are discussed with a focus on brain development, metabolic response, and gut health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.563-573
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• 1994

This study was conducted to compare the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the Korean breast milk produced at 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum with the infant formula produced in Korea. The content of total lipids of the breast milk was low compared with the other data of Korean as well as foreign breast milk, and the content tended to reduce during the progress of lactation. The composition of fatty acids of the breast milk was characterized by low saturated fatty acids(SFA) and high $\omega$3 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially 20:5 and 22:6, so the P/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 rations were high. The formulas had more total lipids, triglycerides(TG) and phospholipids and less cholesterol(CHOL) and free fatty acids than the breast milk. The cholesterol content of the formulas was around 50% of that of the breast milk, so the CHOL/TG ratio was low. Although the formulas varied in fatty acid composition, the formulas had more SFA and $\omega$6 series of PUFA, but less monounsaturated fatty acids and $\omega$3 series of PUFA than the breast milk. This study shows that there are some differences in lipid content and fatty acid composition between breast milk and infant formula. Therefore, further studies needed to investigate the physiological effect of this difference on lipid metabolism of infants.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition quality of the commercial infant formulas and to seek the solution to the establishment of the standard of nutrient requirements for infant formula in Korea. Nutrition informations were obtained from the labels of nineteen commercial infant formulas manufactured by 3 different companies, and the actual amounts of some nutrients were analyzed and compared to the labeled amounts. In addition, the nutrient composition of the commercial infant formulas was compared to the composition of breast milk, RDA for infants, and Codex standard for infant formula. The kind of minerals, vitamins and special components added to the commercial infant formulas were the major differences among 3 manufacturers. For some nutrients, the analyzed amounts were lower than the labeled amounts. In addition when different batches of the same kind of infant formula were analyzed, the large variations in the amounts of certain nutrients were noted. These data suggest that the nutrition labeling informations need to be validated, and nutrients added to the formulas are to be homogenized thoroughly. In order to solve these problems, therefore, like other countries, we need to establish the standard of nutrient requirements for infant formulas. Considering the available data on breast milk composition, RDA for infants and coordination with the international standard, we suggest the adoption of the Codex standard for infant formula may be the best way to manage the nutrition quality of commercial infant formulas at the present time.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 1998

Adsorption isotherms of water vapour for infant formula milk powders manufactured by P. M. and N company in Korea were measured at temperatures between 20, 30 and 40$^{\circ}C$ using COST-90 modified method. Results showed that the isotherms were sigmoidal in shape. The adsorption isotherms of milk powder were depending on the temperature and products. The BET-model were applied and analyzed to compare the experimental value. It was found that the BET-model is fitted with measuring data. Sample P showed the lowest monolayer value and sample N showed the highest. Isosteric heat obtained upon application of BET-model was calculated in this field of temperature using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. It is suggested that the usage of the BET-model to estimate the heat of water sorption in infant formula milk powder should be in agreement with the results from COST-90 project.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.41-77
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is that infant artificial feeding products is used in clonic with the study on characteristic, ingredients and indication of geneal and special modified milks. The result is as follows. 1. The main ingredients of four company products-Maeil , Namyang, Pasteur, Aebout is similar but the functional is different 2. General infant formula is divided into 100days, 5-6months, 12months, 24months and 36months out of consideration for growth and development of infant. 3. The indication and sorts of the special infant formula used at a hospital is as follows. PKU-1, PKU-2 formula is available for phenylketonuria. MPA formula is available for propionic acidemia and methylmalonic acidomia. UCD is available for urea cycle disorder Leucine-free formula is available for isovaleric acidemia. Maeil LP is available for hypocalcemia. MCT formula is available for indigestion and malabsorption of fat. BCAA-free formula is available for Maple syrup urine disease. Protein-free formula is available for limit of protein uptake or mixture of peculiar amino acid or higher uptake of mineral, vitamin, calory. Methionine-free formula is available for homocystinuria and hypermethioninemia. Premature infant is available for premature and low birth weight. 4. The special infant formula published in nation is as follows. Maeil soy A, Maeil MF1, Namyang hope doctor and Maeil HA is available for diarrhea. Maeil HA, Maeil HA-21 and Namyang hope allergy is available for hypoallergy. Maeil soy A is available for diarrhea of milk allergy. Maeil MF1 or Namyang hope doctor is available for acute bacterial or viral temporal diarrhea. Maeil HA is available for allergic chronic diarrhea. Maeil HA and Namyang hope allergy as eHP-formula is available for chronic diarrhea for lactose intolerance and milk allergy. Maeil-21 as pHP-formula for neonates with allergy family, allergic symptoms such as atopic dermatitis, asthma except digestive system.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.617-625
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• 2013

The present study was carried out to assess dietary exposure and risk for the infant population by lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) exposure through modified milk powder and formulas. Analysis of heavy metals was performed using a microwave device and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, the method for which was fully validated. Various samples (n=204), including modified milk powder, modified milk, follow-up modified milk powder, infant formula and follow- up formula, were collected from retail outlets and markets across Korea. The mean contents of heavy metals were Pb 0.0004 (modified milk)-0.010 (infant formula) mg/kg, Cd 0.002 (modified milk)-0.007 (follow-up formula) mg/kg, and As 0.004(modified milk)-0.040 (infant formula) mg/kg, respectively. For risk assessment, daily intakes of heavy metals through maximum intake of modified milk powder and formulas were calculated and compared with reference doses established by JECFA and WHO. The dietary exposures of heavy metals were $0.78-1.04{\mu}g$ Pb/d, $0.65-0.87{\mu}g$ Cd/d, and $2.25-3.00{\mu}g$ As/d, corresponding to 2.0-4.5%, 7.1-16.0%, and 0.4-0.9% of reference doses, respectively. Therefore, the level of overall dietary exposure to heavy metals for Korean infant through food intake was below 20% of the reference dose, indicating a low risk to infant consumers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.433-440
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• 1996

This study was carried out using a questionnaire in order to investigate factors affecting the status and the method of infant feeding in Incheon area. The subjects were 126 monthers of infants ranging from 3 months to 18 months. The results are : the percentages of those feeding colostrum and breast milk has decreased in comparison with the previous results. But the percentage of breast-feeding gets higher in a case where colostrum or breast milk is first fed after delivery. Also frequency and birth order of child plays a part : the more frequently monthers try to feed breast milk in the earliest period of feeding, the more they keep breast-feeding, and the latter-born(the second-born or the third born) children get more chances to be breast-fed than the first-born. Another noticeable factor is what babies feed on during hospitalization. if they get fed more breast milk than infant formula while they are in hospital, they tend to keep feeding on breast milk after they come back home. Breast-feeding group have good knowledge and information abut the importance of breast-feeding. The data shows that they believe the superiority of breast milk.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.316-324
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• 2021

Purpose: The use of soy-based infant formula has increased widely in infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA). This study aimed to provide evidence on the growth pattern of CMA infants fed with soy-based infant formula in an Indonesian setting. Methods: A multi-site, intervention study was conducted among full-term and normal birth weight CMA infants. Within six months, the subjects were provided with a soy-based infant formula. Weight, height, and head circumference were measured at baseline, weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24. Adverse events were recorded by scoring atopic dermatitis and symptom-based clinical scores. Results: Based on the World Health Organization growth chart, we found that most of subjects had normal nutritional status for weight-for-age, length-for-age, weight-for-length, and head-circumference-for-age. There were statistically significant differences between baseline and end-line for weight-for-age, length-for-age, weight-for-length, and head circumference-for-age nutritional status. No allergic symptoms or intolerance toward soy formula were observed at the end of the intervention period. Conclusion: These results show that infants fed with soy-based infant formula have a normal pattern of growth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.149-154
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• 2019

The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life to provide optimal nutrition in this critical period of life. After this, infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues for up to 2 years of age or beyond. For nonbreastfed infants, infant formula is an available option to provide the nutrition needed. Infant formula is usually prepared from industrially modified cow's milk and processed to adjust for the nutritional needs of infants. However, cow's milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy, affecting 2%-5% of all formula-fed infants during their first year of life. One strategy to prevent cow's milk allergy in nonbreastfed infants is the use of partially hydrolyzed formula (pHF) in high-risk infants, which are infants born in families with atopic disease. However, based on an epidemiological study, approximately half of the infants who develop allergy are not part of the at-risk group. This is because the non-at-risk group is significantly larger than the at-risk group and the non-at-risk infants have approximately 15% risk of developing allergies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partially hydrolyzed whey formula (pHF-W) in nonbreastfed infants and determine whether pHF-W can prevent atopic disease in high-risk infants and can be used as routine starter formula regardless of the allergy risk status.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate adulteration of caprine milk products by bovine milk using biomolecular techniques with bovine-specific primers for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR assays were applied to caprine milk products including infant formula, city milk, and fermented milk. The results indicated that six out of the eight caprine infant formula products tested contained bovine milk components. In addition, two of the three tested caprine city milk products and two caprine fermented milk products were shown to be adulterated with bovine milk. Conventional PCR results corroborated with results obtained by real-time PCR. This study demonstrates that DNA-based species identification procedures would be useful and applicable in routine examinations of the dairy industry to ensure the quality and safety of dairy foods.