• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.249-265
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• 2023

Purpose: Infant regurgitation is associated with other functional gastrointestinal disorders and signs and symptoms that have a major impact on the quality of life of infants and their families. This study evaluated the safety, tolerance, and real-world effectiveness of an anti-regurgitation formula containing locust bean gum (LBG), prebiotics, and postbiotics to alleviate digestive symptoms beyond regurgitation. Methods: This 3-month study involved infants with regurgitation requiring the prescription of an anti-regurgitation formula according to usual clinical practice. Outcomes included evaluation of the evolution of stool consistency and frequency; occurrence of colic, constipation, and diarrhea; and assessment of regurgitation severity. Infant crying, parental assessment of infant well-being, and parental satisfaction with the stool consistency were also evaluated. Results: In total, 190 infants (average age: 1.9±1.1 months) were included. After three months, stool frequency and consistency remained within the normal physiological range, with 82.7% of infants passing one or two stools per day and 90.4% passing loose or formed stools. There was no significant increase in the number of infants with diarrhea, whereas a decrease was observed in the number of infants with constipation after 1 month (p=0.001) and with colic after both 1 and 3 months (p<0.001). Regurgitation severity and crying decreased and parental satisfaction with stool consistency, formula acceptability, infant well-being, and sleep quality increased. Monitoring of adverse events did not reveal any safety concerns. Conclusion: Formulas containing LBG, prebiotics, and postbiotics were well tolerated and provided an effective strategy for managing infant regurgitation and gastrointestinal discomfort.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 1988

In order to analyze trace metals by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer in infant formula milk powder, Wet digestion method using nitric acid, perchloric acid mainly and D.D.T.C.-M.I.B.K. extraction method were done. The r-value of calibration curve were more than 0.999 in Cu, Mn, Zn. Recovery test showed high recovery rate of $97-104\%$. The results were as follows: Averages of total samples were Cu $1.92\pm1.24 ppm,\;Mn\;1.18\pm1.01ppm,\;Zn\;22.43\pm8.88ppm.$ Averages of Common Infant formula were Cu1.96\pm1.26ppm,\;Mn\;1.0\pm0.57ppm,\;Zn\;21.52\pm9.72ppm.$ Averages of follow-up infant formula were Cu$1.89\pm1.26ppm,\;Mn\;1.36\pm1.31ppm,\;Zn\;23.34\pm8.7 ppm$.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.875-877
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• 2005

Presence of Enterobacter sakazakii, occasional pathogen of powdered infant formula causing rare, but life-threatening diseases such as neonatal meningitis, bacteremia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and necrotizing meningoencephalitis after ingestion was examined in 45 powdered infant formula products manufactured in Korea using chromogenic Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) medium, and isolates were identified with API 20E. Ent. sakazakii was isolated from three products. Ent. sakazakii isolates were genotyped by RAPD-PCR using two random primers, and their banding patterns were compared.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 1985

Three types of infant food were experimentally prepared based on the average caloric requirement for, Koreans : Formula A, with 1/3 RDA for 4-6 month, formula B, with 1/2 RDA for 7-9 month, and formula C, with 2/3 RDA for 10-12 month old infants. Into each formula was added approximately 50% of rice. Analysis of the nutritive values on these formula showed no deviance Com the expected values in case of general nutrients while the percent of essential amino acids in protein was muck higher except methionine. Since iron content was found to be below the half of except values, a sufficient amount of iron as required in RDA should be additionally supplied, for example, in iron drops. The infant preference test on each formula showed much favorable acceptability : 50% of them responded as moderate, 33.3% as favorable, 12.5% as disliking, and 4.2% as disgusting. The test also showed no noticeable change in both feces and appetite.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권6호통권86호
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• pp.836-840
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• 2007

시판되고 있는 11종의 영아용 조제분유(0${\sim}$5개월용, 6${\sim}$12개월용)의 열량 및 Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu의 함량을 표시된 첨가수준을 이용하여 비교분석하였다. 조제분유 100g및 100 kcal내 무기물 함량과 무기물 함량의 비율 (Ca/P, Ca/Mg, Ca/Fe, Na/K 및 Zn/cu)을 제품별로 분석하고 한국인 영양섭취기준에 의거하여 적합성을 고찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 분말형 조제유 100 g당 각 무기질의 함량은 전반적으로 고제분유기준에 충족됨을 알 수 있었다. 100 kcal를 기준으로 영양소 적정량을 제시한 Codex 규격과 비교분석한 결과, Ca, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu는 Codex 기준 함량을 모두 충족하였으나 Mg의 경우 국내제품 한 종류를 제외한 나머지 시료들이 전반적으로 Codex의 권장함량을 충족시켰다. 영아의 에너지 필요추정량을 기준으로 한국인 영양섭취기준과 비교, 분석한 결과, Ca, K, Mg, P, Na, Cu 및 Zn의 경우 비교적 충분섭취량에 근접하였으나, Fe의 경우 충분섭취량의 2842.8%를 함유하여 독성을 우려하였으나 상한섭취량을 벗어나지는 않았다. 6${\sim}$ll개월용 제품의 경우, Ca, P, K, 및 Cu이 각각충분섭취량을 함유하고, Fe와 Zn가 각각 권장섭취량이상을함유하고 있는 반면 Na이 충분섭취량의 약 「6.6% 정도 함유되어있음을 알 수 있었다. 무기물간의 비율을 분석한 결과, Ca/P 비율의 경우, 평균 1.7${\pm}$0.15(0${\sim}$5개 월), 1.73±0.16(6${\sim}$ll개월), Ca/Mg의 경우, 평균 10.97${\pm}$2.40(0 ${\sim}$5개월), 12.87${\pm}$1.52(6${\sim}$ll개월), Ca/Fe의 경우, 평균 64.90${\pm}$9.98(0${\sim}$5개월), 80.10${\pm}$13.79(6${\sim}$ll개월)의 비운을 나타내었다. Na/K의 경우, 평균0.3${\pm}$0.1(0${\sim}$5개월)이며 6${\sim}$ll개월용의 경우 0.3으로 일관적인비율로 함유되었다. Zn/cu의 경우, 평균 9.58${\pm}$1.04(0${\sim}$5개월), 9.44${\pm}$1.05 6${\sim}$ll개월)으로 개월에 관계없이 전반적으로 유사한 비율을 나타내었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.460-466
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• 2015

분유 내 콜레스테롤을 정량분석하기 위한 일차분석법으로 동위원소희석 질량분석법을 개발하였다. 내부표준물질로 콜레스테롤-d₄를 사용하여 분유에 첨가하였다. 분유에 지방산과 에스테르형태로 결합되어 있는 콜레스테롤을 자유 콜레스테롤로 바꾸어주기 위해 비누화과정을 수행하였다. 비누화과정은 반응온도, 반응시간, 사용한 KOH의 농도에 따라서 최적화하였으며, 그 결과로 분유시료 0.1 g에 대해 70 ℃에서 180 분 동안 8 M의 KOH 0.8 mL를 첨가하여 반응을 진행시키는 최적화조건을 확립하였다. 이와 같은 조건으로 실험을 진행하여 재현성은 0.23%, 확장불확도는 95%의 신뢰범위에서 1.9%로 추정되었다. 확립된 동위원소희석 질량분석법의 유효화를 위해 분유내에서 콜레스테롤의 인증값을 가지는 NIST SRM을 측정하였고 이 결과가 인증값과 불확도 범위내에서 일치하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.863-871
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• 2002

To compare the costs incurred by infant feeding between mothers who breastfed their infants and those who fed them infant formula, a questionnaire survey was carried out to 136 mothers living in Seoul, Cheongju and Chungju who breastfed and 199 mothers who formula-fed their infants. The cost of formula-feeding was estimated based on the expenditures for formula and feeding apparatus, and the time needed to wash bottles and prepare formula. The cost of breastfeeding was estimated based on the expenditures for food for the additional nutritional intake of these mothers. The mean cost of formula-feeding was ￦ 1,870,125 during the first year of the baby＇s life. The food cost for the additional nutritional intake of the breastfeeding mothers was ￦ 203.004 per year. The extra medical cost for respiratory illnesses in the formula-fed group compared to the breastfed group was W 62,920 because the formula-fed infants required medical attention for respiratory illnesses more often than the breast-fed infants. Therefore, breastfeeding could save ￦ 1,730,041 during the first year of an infant＇s life. We may have underestimated the cost savings from breastfeeding because we did not take into account the potentially decreased costs of fertility control and the health benefits for mothers. as well as the decreased usage of water and gas. Analyses showed that breastfeeding is not only nutritionally advantageous, but also economically advantageous for families and society.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.539-551
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the nutrient intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods of 129 infants(boys 69, girls 60) fed formula, aged from 5 to 12 months. Subjects were divided into $5{\sim}6\;months,\;7{\sim}8\;months,\;9{\sim}10\;months,\;and\;11{\sim}12\;months$ by ages. Dietary assessment was carried out by using 24-hour-recall method. The average intakes and feeding frequency of infant formula were $702m{\ell}$, 4.4 times in boys and $815m{\ell}$, 4.8 times in girls, respectively. Supplemental foods were introduced at the age of $4{\sim}6\;months$ in 86% of the infants. Foods introduced first as the supplemental food were rice gruel soup, commercial weaning foods, fruit juice. Energy intakes were similar to RDA. Daily intakes of calcium at all age groups were higher than the RDA, therefore, calciun overnutrition were elucidated. Average intakes of protein, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C were above RDA, folate did not meet RDA of infants at all ages. In conclusion, the average status of nutrient intakes of infants was fairly good, however, nutrient intakes from supplemental foods were lower in girls than in boys of $10{\sim}12$months, and folate status seemed to be poor. Therefore, mothers feeding infant formula to their infants should be educated for the importance of supplemental foods and its practice to support good nutrition.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.5-19
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• 1998

This study presents results of surveys conducted Seoul and Kangreung public health center using structured questionnaire developed by researchers to identify factors that were relevant to the method of feeding. To compare the infant's development between the breast-fed infants and formula-fed infants, infant's height, weight, triceps skinfold during 1month and 4months were cheked. The results were as follows : 1. At postpartum, 59.1% infants had formula feeding, while 22.6% had breast feeding. At 1 month old, 49.6% infants had formula feeding, 27.8% had breast feeding. At 4 months old, 60.9% infants had formula feeding, while 26.1% had breast feeding. 2. 'Lack of breast milk' was the predominant reason for formula feeding. 3. The sujects didn't enough eat not only rice and seaweed soup but also any other specific foods during breast feeding period. 4. Factors that affected the method of feeding were the patterns of delivery, mother's height & weight, first baby feeding type(at post partum), infant sex, mother's age, preparation of breast feeding, first baby feeding type, regular clinic visit (at 4months old). 5. The birth weight and height were correlated with mother's weight and height. 6. There were no significant different on infant's weight, height, triceps skinfold between breast-fed infants and formula-fed infants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.3-15
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• 1986

This study was intended to investigate the rheological properties of the development formula of infant foods and the results are summarized as follow ; 1) Consistency of starch solutions measured by Brabender Anylograph and Brookfield viscometer showed that waxy rice and riece with malt had lower consistency and more rheological stability.The flow type of tested raw materials and formula was found to ？ pseudoplastic, as judged by n-value of 0.332 -0.692, and no yield value. 2) The influenced of temperature on consistency could be accounted for by the equation, In (n) = K(1/T) + const. this relationship indicated that consistency of tested sample increased as temperature decreased. The consistency of waxy rice, rice with malt and formula A were less affected by the temperature change. 3) Infant foods with malt(formula A ) ad with waxy rice maintained better freeze-thaw stability in terms of consistency and starch aggregation indicating that this infant food could be stored for a long term in the freezer section of the home refrigeratory without adverse effect on the product quality. 4) From the above experiments, it would necessarily follow that infant food can be easily made at home the food-stuffs generally available around us, and that the easiest and safest way to store them lies in making them into semisolid state, and in keeping them in frozen state.