• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2015

Relative to a fetus of the same gestational age, very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are more likely to be underfed and to undergo growth restriction during their early hospital stay. The current trend towards "early and aggressive" nutritional strategies in VLBW infants aims to overcome the early nutritional deficiency and thereby boost postnatal catch-up growth, simultaneously improving long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although the minimum starting amino acid (AA) dose to prevent negative nitrogen balance is well established, the upper limit and the rate of increase of early AA doses are controversial. Most randomized controlled trials show that early and high-dose (target, 3.5 to 4.9 g/kg/day) AA regimens, with or without high nonprotein calories, do not improve long-term growth and neurodevelopment. High-dose AA supplementation may lead to early metabolic disturbances and excessive or disproportionate plasma AA levels, particularly in infants of very low gestational age. Further large studies are needed to clarify the optimal strategy for early administration of parenteral AA doses in VLBW infants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.828-835
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• 2002

목 적: 출생 체중 1,500 그램 미만의 극소저출생체중아(very low birth weight infant, VLBWI)의 치료성적은 신생아 집중치료술 향상여부를 모니터 하는 주요한 지표로 이용되고 있다. 이에 본 연구자들은 개원이래 최근 7년간 삼성서울병원 신생아 중환자실의 VLBWI 치료성적의 변화양상을 기간별로 관찰 분석하였다. 방 법: 1994년 10월부터 2000년 12월까지 삼성서울병원 신생아 중환자실로 생후 3일 이내 입원한 VLBWI 374명을 대상으로 기간을 나누어(I기 : 이미 성적이 보고된 1994. 10-1996. 9, II기 : 1996. 10-1998. 12, III기 : 1999. 1-2000. 12) 각 기별, 출생체중별, 재태기간별, VLBWI의 발생빈도와 생존율, 유병률 및 생존기간 등에 관해 의무기록지를 통한 후향적조사를 실시하였다. 생존율은(생존아/총출생 VLBWI)${\times}100$으 로 산출하였고 생존아는 신생아 중환자실에서 생존하여 퇴원한 경우로 정의하였다. 결 과 : VLBWI의 발생빈도는 기간별로 차이가 없었고(I기 : 1.3%, II기 : 1.5%, III기 : 1.4%), 생존율은 III기에 의미 있게 향상되었다. 출생체중별 생존율에서 III기에서 750 gm 미만군(vs II기)과, 1,250-1,499 gm 군(vs I기)의 향상이, 1,000-1,249 gm 군에서는 II기(vs I기)의 향상이 의미 있었고 최저출생 생존아는 I기 624 gm($26^{+5}$주), II기 667 gm($25^{+6}$주), III기 480 gm($26^{+2}$주)였다. 재태기간별 생존율에서 III기의 25-26주군과 29-30군이 I, II기에 비해 의미 있게 향상되었고 최저출생 재태기간의 생존례는 I기 26주(970 gm), II기 $23^{+5}$주(791 gm), III기 $24^{+1}$주(740 gm)였다. VLBWI의 주요 유병률 중 III도 이상의 심한 뇌실 내 출혈의 빈도가 III기 5%로 I기 13%, II기 10.5%에 비해 의미 있게 감소되었고, 전체 사망 중 7일 이전 사망률이 III기(15.4%)에 I기(55.5%)에 비해 의의 있게 감소되었다. 결 론 : 최근 VLBWI의 생존율이 주요 유병률의 증가 없이 현저히 향상되었고, 특히 26주 이하, 750 gm 미만의 초극소미숙아의 생존율 향상이 두드러졌다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.226-231
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• 2020

Background: Probiotics and prebiotics have strain-specific effects on the host. Synbiotics, a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics, are proposed to have more beneficial effects on the host than either agent has alone. Purpose: We performed a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium together with oligosaccharides and lactoferrin on the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or sepsis in very low birth weight neonates. Methods: Neonates with a gestational age ≤32 weeks and birth weight ≤1,500 g were enrolled. The study group received a combination of synbiotics and lactoferrin, whereas the control group received 1 mL of distilled water as placebo starting with the first feed until discharge. The outcome measures were the incidence of NEC stage ≥2 or late-onset cultureproven sepsis and NEC stage ≥2 or death. Results: Mean birth weight and gestational age of the study (n=104) and the control (n=104) groups were 1,197±235 g vs. 1,151±269 g and 29±1.9 vs. 28±2.2 weeks, respectively (P>0.05). Neither the incidence of NEC stage ≥2 or death, nor the incidence of NEC stage ≥2 or late-onset culture-proven sepsis differed between the study and control groups (5.8% vs. 5.9%, P=1; 26% vs. 21.2%, P=0.51). The only significant difference was the incidence of all stages of NEC (1.9% vs. 10.6%, P=0.019). Conclusion: The combination of synbiotics and lactoferrin did not reduce NEC severity, sepsis, or mortality.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.87-97
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• 1990

1985년 4월 1일부터 1987년 3월 31일 사이에 경상북도 군위군에 거주하는 49세이하의 가임여성들과 1987년 3월 1일부터 1988년 2월 28일 사이에 경상남도 합천군에 거주하는 49세이하의 가임여성들 그리고 1985년 4월 1일부터 1987년 3월 31일 사이에 대구시 남구 모자보건센터에 분만을 위해 찾아온 모든 임산부들을 대상으로 이들에게서 태어난 출생아들을 두 군지역에서는 생후 1년간 그리고 모자보건센터에서 출생한 경우는 생후 27일간 추적하여 영아사망률과 신생아 사망률을 각각 조사하였다. 조사기간중에 군위군과 합천군에서 출생한 1,359명의 영아들 가운데 생후 1년 동안에 17명이 사망하여 농촌지역의 영아사망률은 출생아 1,000명당 12.5이었다. 총 영아사망중 신생아사망이 82.4% 그리고 신생아 후기 사망이 17.6%를 차지하였다. 대구시 남구 모자보건센터에 내원한 산모들에게 태어난 6,001명의 출생아들 가운데 4,834명(80.6%)만이 생후 27일까지 추적되었는데 이들 중 36명이 사망하여 신생아 사망률은 출생아 1,000명당 7,4명이었다. 추적된 산모와 추적 안된 산모의 특성 및 신생아 체중을 비교한 결과 현저한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 신생아 후기 사망률의 비를 6 : 4로 가정했을 때 모자보건센터에서 출생한 영아의 영아사망률은 출생아 1,000명당 12.3명으로 추정되었다. 군위군과 합천군의 영아사망률과 대구시 남구 모자보건센터에서 관찰된 신생아사망률, 영아사망의 사망시기별 분포와 영아사망원인 그리고 저체중아출생률을 고려할 때 1985년부터 1988년 사이의 한국의 영아사망률은 출생아 1,000명당 12에서 15명일 것으로 추정되었다.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.118-125
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• 2018

Purpose: The pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. However, studies on very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are rare. This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on VLBW infants. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated singleton VLBW infants born at the CHA Gangnam Medical Center from 2006 to 2016. The neonates were classified into three groups according to the maternal pre-pregnancy BMI: underweight (<$18.5kg/m^2$), normal weight (${\geq}18.5$ to <$23kg/m^2$), and overweight or obese (${\geq}23kg/m^2$). Clinical characteristics and morbidities of mothers and infants were analyzed. Results: A total of 181 infants belonging to underweight (16.6%), normal weight (58.6%), and overweight or obese (24.8%) groups were enrolled. The pre-pregnancy BMI had a significant negative correlation with gestational age (r=-0.198, P=0.001) and a significant positive correlation with the z-score of the birth weight (r=0.078, P=0.001) and body length (r=0.067, P=0.008). The number of extremely preterm infants was significantly higher in the overweight or obese group. The proportion of risk of small for gestational age infants was higher in the underweight group (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.958; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.113 to 7.864), whereas that of infants with severe retinopathy of prematurity was higher in the overweight or obese group (adjusted OR, 9.546; 95% CI, 1.230 to 74.109). Conclusion: In our population of VLBW infants, the pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with gestational age, intrauterine growth, and adverse neonatal outcomes. Therefore, proper weight control before pregnancy is important.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.902-905
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• 2006

중심 정맥 도관술은 미숙아들의 출생과 생존율의 증가로 현재 신생아실에서 많이 시행 되고 있는 수기이며, 최근 중심 정맥 카테터 사용이 증가함에 따라 혈전이나 색전, 혈관 손상과 파열, 흉막 삼출, 화학적 폐렴과 같은 합병증이 보고되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 경피 중심 정맥 카테터 삽입 후 우측성 흉막 삼출액이 발생하여 시행한 혈관조영술에서 카테터가 홀정맥에 위치하였던 초극소 저출생 체중아에서 경피 중심 정맥 카테터를 제거한 후 흉막 삼출액이 호전되었던 1례를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권3호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2023

Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in preterm infant is common, life-threatening and the main cause of bad developmental outcomes. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is used as the ultimate treatment for PHH. Low birth weight and low gestational age are the combination of worse prognostic factors while the single most important prognostic factor of VP shunting is age. Aggressive and early intervention have better effect in intraventricular hemorrhage and intracranial pressures control. It reduces infection rate and brain damage resulted in delayed shunt insertion. It is extremely important to let PHH infants get older and gain weight to have internal organs to be matured before undergoing VP shunt. As premature infants undergo shunt after further growth, shunt-related complications would be reduced. So temporary surgical intervention is critical for PHH infants to have them enough time until permanently shunted.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권8호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2015

Purpose: We evaluated three blood glucose self-monitoring for measuring whole blood glucose levels in preterm and low-birth-weight infants. Methods: Between December 1, 2012 and March 31, 2013, 230 blood samples were collected from 50 newborns, who weighed, ${\leq}2,300g$ or were ${\leq}36$ weeks old, in the the neonatal intensive care unit of Eulji University Hospital. Three blood glucose self-monitoring (A: Precision Pcx, Abbott; B: One-Touch Verio, Johnson & Johnson; C: LifeScan SureStep Flexx, Johnson & Johnson) were used for the blood glucose measurements. The results were compared to those obtained using laboratory equipment (D: Advia chemical analyzer, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc.). Results: The correlation coefficients between laboratory equipment and the three blood glucose self-monitoring (A, B, and C) were found to be 0.888, 0.884, and 0.900, respectively. For glucose levels ${\leq}60mg/dL$, the correlation coefficients were 0.674, 0.687, and 0.679, respectively. For glucose levels>60 mg/dL, the correlation coefficients were 0.822, 0.819, and 0.839, respectively. All correlation coefficients were statistically significant. And the values from the blood glucose self-monitoring were not significantly different from the value of the laboratory equipment, after correcting for each device's average value (P>0.05). When using laboratory equipment (blood glucose ${\leq}60mg/dL$), each device had a sensitivity of 0.458, 0.604, and 0.688 and a specificity of 0.995, 0.989, and 0.989, respectively. Conclusion: Significant difference is not found between three blood glucose self-monitoring and laboratory equipment. But correlation between the measured values from blood glucose self-monitoring and laboratory equipment is lower in preterm or low-birth-weight infants than adults.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.165-173
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• 2016

Purpose: To identify the effects of modified parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN) regimens on the growth of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: The study included VLBW infants weighing <1,500 g, admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital between October 2010 and April 2014, who were alive at the time of discharge. Subjects were divided according to 3 periods: period 1 (n=37); prior to the PN and EN regimen being modified, period 2 (n=50); following the PN-only regimen modification, period 3 (n=37); following both PN and EN regimen modification. The modified PN regimen provided 3 g/kg/day of protein and 1 g/kg/day of lipid on the first day of life. The modified EN regimen provided 3.5-4.5 g/kg/day of protein and 150 kcal/kg/day of energy. We investigated growth rate, anthropometric measurements at 40 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) and the incidence of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) at 40 weeks PCA. Results: Across the 3 periods, clinical characteristics, including gestational age, anthropometric measurements at birth, multiple births, sex, Apgar score, surfactant use and PDA treatment, were similar. Growth rates for weight and height, from time of full enteral feeding to 40 weeks PCA, were higher in period 3. Anthropometric measurements at 40 weeks PCA were greatest in period 3. Incidence of weight, height and head circumference EUGR at 40 weeks PCA decreased in period 3. Conclusion: Beginning PN earlier, with a greater supply of protein and energy during PN and EN, is advantageous for postnatal growth in VLBW infants.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• 제33권48호
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• pp.309.1-309.13
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• 2018

Background: The aim of this study was to observe long-term outcomes of very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) born between 2013 and 2014 in Korea, especially focusing on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods: The data were collected from Korean Neonatal Network (KNN) registry from 43 and 54 participating units in 2013 and 2014, respectively. A standardized electronic case report form containing 30 items related to long-term follow up was used after data validation. Results: Of 2,660 VLBWI, the mean gestational age and birth weight were $29^{1/7}{\pm}2^{6/7}$ weeks and $1,093{\pm}268g$ in 2013 and $29^{2/7}{\pm}2^{6/7}$ weeks and $1,125{\pm}261g$ in 2014, respectively. The post-discharge mortality rate was 1.2%-1.5%. Weight < 50th percentile was 46.5% in 2013 and 66.1% in 2014. The overall prevalence of cerebral palsy among the follow up infants was 6.2% in 2013 and 6.6% in 2014. The Bayley Scales of Infant Developmental Outcomes version II showed 14%-25% of infants had developmental delay and 3%-8% of infants in Bayley version III. For the Korean developmental screening test for infants and children, the area "Further evaluation needed" was 5%-12%. Blindness in both eyes was reported to be 0.2%-0.3%. For hearing impairment, 0.8%-1.9% showed bilateral hearing loss. Almost 50% were readmitted to hospital with respiratory illness as a leading cause. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of long-term outcomes was not largely different among the VLBWI born between 2013 and 2014. This study is the first large national data study of long-term outcomes.