• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.438-449
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• 2016

Objectives: Exposure to airborne bacteria is associated with adverse health effects such as respiratory and infectious diseases. This study evaluated airborne bacterial concentrations in the living rooms, kitchens, and toilets of 30 homes. Methods: Bacteria were sampled with an MAS100 impactor in three spaces in the subject homes between April 2014 and February 2015. Bacteria were grown on TSA plates for 48 hours at $35^{\circ}C$. The bacterial strains were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Results: The most culturable bacteria were found in toilets ($624.0CFU/m^3$, GM: $417.3CFU/m^3$), followed by in the kitchen ($503.8CFU/m^3$, GM: $324.9CFU/m^3$). The dominant genera identified were: Staphylococcus sp.(19%), Micrococcus sp.(16%), and Bacillus sp.(11%) in the indoor air and Bacillus sp. (30%) in the outdoor air. Gram-positive bacteria comprised more than half of all colonies. Conclusion: In this study, culturable bacteria concentrations were higher than those reported in other spaces. Therefore, it is important to control relative humidity and remove moisture to prevent bacteria from multiplying. Additionally, the dominant species in indoor air were Staphylococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp. These are found on the human skin, mucous membranes, and hair, so human activity can affect bacterial distribution. Therefore, cleaning and controlling moisture are important for reducing indoor bacterial concentrations.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2020

Objectives: Exposure to mold is strongly associated with adverse health effects (development or exacerbation of allergic diseases). We reviewed the health effects of mold exposure and explored to determine the annual distribution of indoor mold in facilities with susceptible populations. Methods: The health effects of mold exposure were mainly summarized by reviewing related papers and WHO research reports. We selected 10 facilities, including daycare centers, postpartum care centers, medical institutions, and elderly care facilities within the Seoul Metropolitan. Mold sampling was performed once every week or once every quarter from February 2016 to 2017. In addition, fungal species analyses was performed, and distribution status by month and facility was analyzed in the same manner as concentration. Results: Adverse health effects attributed to fungal exposure are largely divided into allergic symptoms, toxic effects, and infectious effects. Monthly mean concentrations of mold indoors and outdoors was 368.8 CFU/㎥ (geometric mean 213.4 CFU/㎥) and 496.0 CFU/㎥ (327.9 CFU/㎥), respectively. The indoor concentration has begun to increase in February, peaked in July, declined in August, increased again until October, and then decreased in November. About 36 genera of indoor fungal species were found in each facility. Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., and Arthrinium sp. were observed as the dominant species. Conclusions: Our findings showed that the overall level of indoor mold was below the 500 CFU/㎥ level recommended by the Ministry of Environment. The development of DNA-based assessment and expanding facilities to be monitored for mold would be necessary for preventive aspects.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.183-188
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• 1984

서울에서 1983년 12월 26일부터 1984년 2월 11일 까지 각종 건물실내환경에서 채취한 진균을 배양분리한 결과에서 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 총 26종류의 진균이 검출되었다. 병원에서는 14종류의 진균이 검출되었는데, 이중에서 Cladosporium sp.와 Penicillium sp.가 주종을 이루며 Alternaria sp., Chaetomium sp. 그리고 효모등이 비교적 많이 검출되었다. 일반주택에서는 22종류의 진균이 검출되었으며, 여기서는 Penicillium sp.가 상당분을 차지하고, Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp.가 주종을 이룬다. 아파트에서의 진균종류도 대체로 주택과 같았다. 이 조사에서는 특별히 진균의 정량적인 분석이 이루어지지 않았으므로 확실한 위해도의 여부는 가리기 힘들다. 따라서 이들 진균을 종까지 분류하고 각각에 대한 정량분석을 하여 공중위생적인 위해도와의 관계를 추정하는 조사가 앞으로 요망된다. 이상에서 진균성 식중독을 유발하는 균의 분포가 보편적으로 인정되므로, 분포가 넓은 여러 종의 진균에 대해서는 실내 환경내에서 오염 또는 증식되지 않도록 하는 대책이 필요하다. 또한 많은 사람이 모이는 공중 장소에 대해서는 검출되는 진균의 종류에 대하여서는 적절한 위생적인 규제가 있어야 하겠다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.282-289
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• 2022

Background: Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the air and exposure to an airborne fungus can be a significant risk factor. The composition of fungi has been potentially important for human health, especially for respiratory diseases like asthma and atopic dermatitis. Therefore, we attempted to ascertain what kind of airborne fungi affect human health at a nationwide level. Objectives: This study was carried out to provide information on indoor fungi distribution at multi-use facilities throughout South Korea. Methods: We classified our data by region and public facility after collection, cultivation, and identification via the sequencing of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. We investigated whether or not the proliferation of HaCaT cells was affected by the identified airborne fungi. Results: In our data, the most isolated airborne fungi by region were Penicillium spp (Seoul, Daegu), Periconia sp (Gyeonggi-do), Iprex sp (Gangwon-do), Phanerochaete sp (Busan), Bjerkandera sp (Gwangju), and Aspergillus sp (Jeju-do). In the public facilities, the most detected fungi were Cladosporium sp (public transport), Penicillium sp (apartment house, retail market, financial institution, karaoke room), Bjerokandera sp (underground parking lot, public toilet, medical institution), Periconia sp (retail store), and Fusarium sp (general restaurant). Next, we selected twenty airborne fungi to examine their cytotoxicity and proliferation of human skin cells. In this experiment, the proliferation of the cells was influenced by most of the identified fungi. In case of the cytotoxicity test, most genera except for Rhodotorula sp and Moesziomyces sp showed cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells. Conclusions: The distribution of mold in the indoor air in multi-use facilities in South Korea differs from region to region, and this is an indicator that should be considered in future health impact studies. In addition, as a result of culturing about 20 types of bacteria dominant in indoor air, it was found that most (90%) inhibit the growth of skin cells, which can be harmful to health. An in-depth study of the health effects of floating fungi is needed.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

전통주인 소곡주 공장의 실내공기에 존재하는 균류상을 조사하기 위하여 앤더슨 공기 포집기를 이용하여 소곡주 공장의 여러 방으로부터 포집된 공기와 이곳에서 주정제조를 위해 사용해온 누룩으로부터 균류를 분리하고 분석하였다. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Gibberella, Cladosporium, Talaromyces 속에 속하는 12가지 균류종이 분리되었다. 이들 중 주요 균류는 Aspergillus와 Penicillium에 속하는 균종이 다수를 차지하였다. 특히 Penicillium 속에 속하는 종으로는 7개의 종이 분리 되었으며 조사된 방마다 각각 서로 다른 종이 분리되었다. 누룩으로부터는 공기 중에서 검출된 Aspergillus 그룹과 동일한 그룹이 검출되었고 동시에 공기중에서는 존재하지 않았던 Rhizopus sp.가 분리되어졌다. 본 연구는 국내에서는 처음으로 전통주 제조 공장의 실내 공기 중에 존재하는 균류상에 대한 보고이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.476-479
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• 2002

이 연구에서는 패류의 유생 사육용 식물먹이생물로 배양중인 부착규조 팍판 배양 과정에서 부착 기질인 파판에 어떤 종류의 식물먹이생물이 부착, 출현하며 어떠한 천이 과정을 거치는지 검토하였다. 실험은 비닐하우스내의 약 20톤 콘크리트 직사각형 수조에 파판을 설치하여, 수온 $8.5{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$, 비중 $1.0250\~1.0260$, 조도 $2,200\~13,000$ lux의 범위에서 20일간 배양하면서 5일 간격으로 관찰하였다. 각 관찰일에 계수한 시료 중 규조류의 세포 수는 시간이 경과함에 따라 매우 빠른 속도로 증가하였으며, 20일간의 실험 기간중 출현한 식물먹이생물은 모두 10종으로 Navicula sp. cf. viridula, Cylindrotheca closteriua Licmophora sp., Pleurosigma normanii,Bacillaria paradoxa, Asterionella glacialis, Stephanoppis sp. cf. turris, Entomoneis sp., Odontella aurita, Cocconeis sp. of, scutellum가 관찰되었다. 한편 각 관찰일별 출현종 수는 5일째가 2종, 10일째 3종, 15일째 10종 그리고 20일째에는 3종이 관찰되었는데, 20일째에는 15일째에 새로이 출현한 7종이 모두 사라졌다. 한편, 실험기간 중 우점종은 Navicula sp. cf. viridula였다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2015

최근 모바일 기기의 발전으로 사용자의 위치를 수집하고 분석하는 방법들이 연구되고 있다. 사용자의 특성을 파악하고 궤적 예측 및 패턴을 추출하기 위해 의미 기반 위치 기록을 사용하는 방법이 있다. 의미 기반 위치 기록을 사용하기 위해서는 사용자의 GPS로그를 분석하여 Stay Point를 추출하는 과정이 선행되어야 한다. 기존의 Stay Point 추출 방법은 임의의 중간좌표 즉, 사용자가 실제로 머무르지 않은 지점을 추출하기 때문에 정확하게 사용자가 머무른 위치라고 할 수 없으며, 실내와 실외의 Stay Point를 구분하지 못하는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 사용자가 실제로 머무른 지점 및 실내에서 머무른 지점만을 추출하는 Stay Point를 제안한다. 기존의 방식으로 추출된 Stay Point에서 가장 가까운 GPS 좌표를 Stay Point로 지정하는 방식(nearSP)과, 사용자가 건물에 들어간 지점을 Stay Point로 지정하는 방식(indoorSP)이다. 제안한 알고리즘은 기존 Stay Point 추출 방법보다 Output 데이터의 용량 감소 및 위치의 정확성이 향상되었고, 실내와 실외를 구분 할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.417-423
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• 2006

The purification ability of indoor plants for volatile organic compounds was investigated. Philodendron selloum and Spathiphyllum sp. were tested for removal of toluene and trichloroethylene in the artificially contaminated reactor under laboratory conditions. Each plant was placed in right side of the reactor and the TCE and toluene concentration change with time were monitored. In the reactor with Philodendron, the TCE concentrations of left and right sides were compared to examine the removal effects by plant. In the reactor with Spathiphyllum, air was circulated before sampling, and thus average removal effects by plants on target VOC were observed. Both plants showed clear effects on removal of VOCs from contaminated indoor air. The removal efficiency of Philodendron and Spathiphyllum were similar and showed 30 - 46% and 31 - 47% of purification effects, respectively. The results of this study showed that air purification using plants is an effective means of reduction on indoor VOCs concentration level and reduce related health risk though, supplementary purifying aids or proper ventilation were also suggested.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.331-333
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• 2010

Moribund albino catfish, Clarias sp., displayed from an indoor private commercial aquarium were submitted in the laboratory for diagnostic examination. Dense culture of bacteria was recovered from the kidney and was characterized using Vitek System 2 and showed 98% probability to Aeromonas (A.) hydrophila. PCR result showed positive using A. hydrophila extracellular hemolysin gene ahh1 (130 bp) and aerolysin gene aerA (309 bp). The 16S rRNA gene was identical and exhibited 97% sequence similarity with the other known isolates of A. hydrophila available in the GenBank. In this paper, we reported the isolation and molecular detection of A. hydrophila from an albino catfish.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

Formaldehyde, an indoor volatile organic compound, is considered toxic due to its carcinogenic risk. Recently, we isolated a formaldehyde-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. YK-32. A crude enzyme prepared from YK-32 also degraded formaldehyde, suggesting that YK-32 cells have formaldehyde hydrogenase activity which is one of the important factors in formaldehyde degradation. The formaldehyde hydrogenase activity was increased 1.25 fold by adding 0.1 % glucose and formaldehyde to the culture medium. In addition, treatment with 1 mM EDTA as a permeabilizer promoted the degradation of formaldehyde and increased the enzymatic activity.