• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.599-607
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to reevaluate the performance of Hanji as an architectural material. Hanji has good things in controlling indoor space comfortably. Particularly, ability of controlling humidity of Hanji affects indoor space comfort and human health. The major focuses of this experimental research are (1) how much of water vapor passes through Hanji, (2) how much of water vapor is absorbed into Hanji. In the first case, indoor humidity is higher than outdoor humidity. In this case, approximately 38 g of water vapor passes through Hanji 1, genarally utilized in window paper (Changhoji), per square meter in one hour. And approximately 4 g of water vapor is absorbed into Hanji 2, genarally utilized in wallpaper, per square meter. In the second case, outdoor humidity is higher than indoor humidity. In this case, Hanji passes water vapor to inner space at first, but when indoor relative humidity reach approximately 66%, although outdoor humidity is higher than indoor humidity, water vapor doesn't pass through Hanji. If Hanji is utilized in window material and wallpaper, indoor space is maintained comfortably without mechanical devices in humidity control.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.801-810
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• 2002

The current paper describes the indoor/outdoor air quality in school environments through analyses of the heavy metal concentrations using Inductive Coupled Plasma(ICP). School environments in a heavy traffic area, two industrial areas, quasi-industrial area, and residential area were evaluated. The results were as follows: (1) The locations with the highest indoor and outdoor concentrations of heavy metals were the industrial areas followed by the heavy traffic area, residential area, and quasi-industrial area in a descending order of magnitude. Plus, the indoor heavy metal concentrations were higher then the outdoor ones. (2) The main heavy metal components were Zn, Al and Ca. Higher concentration levels were found indoors than outdoors. The heavy metal concentrations were also higher in the classrooms than in the corridor or outdoors. (3) The total heavy metal concentrations in the studied areas were highly dependent on the weather elements. including the relative humidity, mixing ratio, and wet-bulb depression. Accordingly, special ventilation systems are recommended to reduce air pollution in school environments.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2002

This comparative study between Korean and German housings aims at understanding different structural systems in the indoor and outdoor spaces, depending upon the user′s perception of the socio-cultural attributes. The analysis starts with four alternative contrary assumptions, that appear in morphological forms of dwelling; 1) linear distribution vs. areal distribution of residential districts, 2) mirror system vs. comb system in the layout of plot plans 3) organization of front vs. back outdoor spaces and 4) opening vs. closing in the indoor spaces. A clear difference is found between Korean and German samples in view of public and private relationships between indoor and outdoor spaces as well as the intermediate space. In the korean housing there always exists a symbolic and psychological territory of a certain sphere. On the other hand, outdoor space passes through various phases only to form a certain hierarchy even in a private space and, thereby, sets a boundary between private and public areas. In the case of Germany, the building itself draws a clear line between private and public outdoor spaces, and therefore the outdoor space has a "front" and "back". Thus, Germany′s private space may face a genuine public space and street, which is rare in the Korean housing. Although the layout of indoor space in the korean housing tends to be open, such an openness may be outstanding in living and dining spaces, kitchen and various accesses to rooms. In the case of Germany, such indoor spaces are usually closed to each other. Thus corridors act to separate these spaces. Such differences are analysed to be due to the different perceptions of interpersonal and socio-cultural attributes as intra-family and inter-neighbor relationships or communications.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2019

The analysis of outdoor and indoor spatial composition with natural elements is required for the creation of healing environment in healthcare facility to provide basic data for the planning of hospital architecture. Literature review of healing environment and investigation on characteristics of spatial composition in architectural works and healthcare facilities have been conducted. The spatial composition of outdoor space for refuge and prospect from indoor space of Seoul National University Hospital have been analyzed. The result of this research can be summarized as followed. First of all, the main natural elements for healing environment are consisted with refuge in outdoor space and prospect from indoor space. The second one is that natural elements in Seoul National University Hospital are located in central, posterior, and lateral area of main hospital and connectivity, integration, and ERAM(3) which the characteristics of outdoor spatial composition with space syntax are focused on the museum of medicine and landscape area in the center of hospital. The third one is that the outdoor refuge and prospect from indoor space in Seoul National University Hospital can be replaced with cultural heritage like the site of Kyungmogungji and Changgyeonggung palace in and next to the hospital. In addition to the outdoor and indoor spatial composition, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between elements to develop the healing environment of hospital architecture.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제30권5C호
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• pp.355-363
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• 2005

이 논문은 옥내와 옥외에 걸친 무선 통신 환경에서 통신 성능을 향상시키는 기술에 관한 것이다. 옥외 무선 통신에서 신호 감쇠는 주로 채널의 페이딩 특성으로 발생되는데, 기존의 다중 안테나 방식과 배열 신호처리 알고리즘을 적용하면 이 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 그러나, 옥내 및 옥외 무선 채널을 가진 통신인 경우, 채널 특성은 페이딩과 각도 퍼짐 특성 모두에 영향을 받으므로, 일반적인 방식으로 채널의 각도 퍼짐 특성을 극복할 수 없다. 이를 해결하기 위해 이 논문에서는 옥내와 옥외에 걸친 채널 특성을 분석하고, 각각에 적합한 채널 모형을 생각한다. 또한, 옥내외 채널의 각도 퍼짐 특성을 극복하고 옥내외 통신 성능을 향상하기 위해, 새로운 평균주사 벡터 개념을 사용한 배열 안테나 처리 알고리즘을 제안하고 성능 분석을 수행한다. 컴퓨터 모의 실험을 통한 성능 분석으로 옥내 전송 신호를 옥외 환경에서 다중 안테나로 수신하는 경우, 기존 방식보다 제안된 방식이 좋은 신호대 간섭 잡음비 특성을 가짐을 보인다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2018

Recently, concentration of fine and ultra-fine particulate matter(PM) has been increased in KOREA. The increase of PM in KOREA is due to increase of domestic industries and yellow dust from china. PM is known to cause diseases such as dyspnoea, asthma, arrhythmia. Since PM is harmful to human, KOREA Ministry of Environment(ME) warns people to stay indoors when the outdoor PM concentration is high. However, prior studies has shown that indoor PM concentration can be relatively high when outdoor PM concentration is high due to infiltration of PM into buildings though leakage areas. In this study, airtightness, indoor and outdoor pressure difference and PM 2.5 & 10 concentration were measured in an apartment complex to observe PM infiltrating into building. Field measurement was conducted in newly-built apartment buildings to avoid the influence of indoor PM which can be generated by residents. The airtightness test was conducted to identify the leakage areas of the apartment, such as electric outlets and supply/exhaust diffusers. The airtightness test result showed that the air leakage area of the building was dominant in buildings envelop. According to indoor and outdoor pressure difference measurement result and PM concentration measurement result, it can be concluded that outdoor PM can infiltrate into indoor by leakage areas when wind is blown toward the apartment. As a result, pressure difference formed by the external weather condition and architectural characteristics such as the airtightness in building can influence PM to infiltrate into buildings. In further studies, I/O ratio, stack-effect, infiltration and penetration factor will be considered.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.160-165
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• 2005

Schools have significant and serious indoor environmental health problem, of which indoor air quality (IAQ) in school building may affect the health of the students and indirectly affect learning performance. Schools are of special concern when regarding indoor exposure to air pollutants, because students are particularly sensitive to pollutants and spend a significant amount of time in that environment. Therefore researches for improvement of indoor air quality have been developed such as installation of air cleaning device, ventilation system, titanium dioxide(TiO2) coating and so on. However, it is difficult to evaluate the magnitude of improvement of indoor air quality in field study because indoor air quality can be affected by source generation, outdoor air level, ventilation, decay by reaction, temperature, humidity, mixing condition and so on. In this study, evaluation of reduction of formaldehyde emission rate in school indoor environments by far-Infrared ray coating material was carried out using mass balance model in indoor environment. we proposed the evaluation method of magnitude of improvement in indoor air quality, considering outdoor level and ventilation. Since simple indoor concentration measurements could not properly evaluate the indoor air quality, outdoor level and ventilation should be considered when evaluate the indoor air quality.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2013

The present study was designed to examine the concentrations, emission rates, and source characteristics of a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 30 newly-constructed apartment buildings by measuring indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations over a 2-year period. For comparison, seven villa-type houses were also surveyed for indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations over a 3-month period. Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected on Tenax-TA adsorbent and analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC)/mass spectrometer system or a GC/flame ionization detector system coupled to a thermal desorption system. The long-term change in indoor VOC concentrations depended on the type of VOCs. Generally, aromatic (except for naphthalene), aliphatic, and terpene compounds exhibited a gradual deceasing trend over the 2-year follow-up period. However, the indoor concentrations of the six halogenated VOCs did not significantly vary with time changes. Similar to these halogenated VOCs, the indoor naphthalene concentrations did not vary significantly with time changes over the 2-year period. Unlike the halogenated VOCs, the indoor naphthalene concentrations were much higher than the outdoor concentrations. The indoor concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic compounds were higher for the villa-type houses when compared to those of apartment buildings. In addition, four source groups (floor coverings and interior painting, household products, wood paneling and furniture, moth repellents) and three source groups (floor coverings and interior painting, household products, and moth repellents) were considered as potential VOC sources inside apartment buildings for the first- and second-year post-occupancy stages, respectively.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1-4
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• 2006

Most apartment houses were sited in road because it was convenient for transportation. One of the most noise is traffic noise at apartment house. The tested site was closely located in rail road and installed soundproofing wall. This study is measured indoor and outdoor noise distribution in apartment house for each story. It was similar noise distribution at indoor test but it was different noise distribution at outdoor test for each story. It was measured higher noise level at the upper stories than 5th story in outdoor noise distribution.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.532-540
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• 2001

The objectives of this study are to analyze the control variables according to condensation occurrence, to find the range in floor surface temperature and frequency of condensation, and to evaluate the control methods through simulations when the radiant heating system is used for cooling. Through the simulation analysis the control methods such as on/off control, variable flow control and outdoor reset with indoor temperature feedback control are evaluated and compared. The results show that the lowest floor surface temperature is around $23^{\circ}C$, the surface condensation can be prevented by controlling indoor humidity within 20g/kg(DA0, and that outdoor reset with indoor temperature feedback control is more appropriate than on/off control and variable flow control with regard to prevention of the condensation and thermal comfort.