• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1984

The attempts in this study were made to evaluate the variations in some needle characteristics of Pinus thunbergii between individual trees within population, between populations and between the hypothesized climatic districts. This species occurs naturally along the southern seacoast of Korea penninsula having a relatively mild maritime climate. The followings are the summarized results. The coefficients of variation of the needle volume and needle serration density were generally higher than those of any other traits studied. The significant differences of variations of needle cross section form factor between individual trees within population at 1% level, except only the Young gwang population, were affirmed. In the case of the eastern seacoast district, where the three study populations are included, significances of variation differences were calculated, 5% level at needle serration density and cross section area and 1% Level at needle volume. The very high significant difference of the variations of needle cross section form factor and needle longitudinal form factor were shown between population of the western seacoast district and 5% Level significance at needle volume in the southern seacoast district. The high significant differences between districts in respect to needle cross section form factor and cross section area were calculated. The Duncan's multiple range test showed the dissimilarity of the said characteristics between the hypothesized climatic districts. Summing up the results obtained so far, individual tree and population variations were markedly noted statistically and these may be extended to the silvicultural technology.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2016

'Sinano Sweet' apple trees were defoliated at intervals of a month from May to October to simulate damage occured by hail and typhoon in Korea, accordingly fruit yield, reserve accumulations and return bloom were investigated. As the more severe defoliation degree was and earlier defoliation time was, fruit weight and fruit yields were more decreased. Fruit weight and yields of 30% defoliated trees, regardless of the defoliation time, showed no significant difference with those of control. Because carbohydrate contents of the 2-year old branches defoliated before August were even lower than those of branches defoliated after September, it was considered that defoliation time is more effective on the carbohydrate content than defoliation degree. Among the trees defoliated before August, 50% defoliated trees at August contained the lowest carbohydrate by 50% of control. Time and degree of defoliation had an effect on the number of flower buds following year. The number of return bloom in trees defoliated from May to July was decreased by delay of defoliation time and was the lowest in trees defoliated at July. On the other hand, it was not have a significant different between control and trees defoliated since August. Relationship between the number of return bloom and carbohydrate reserves showed positive correlation. As a result, it is considered that fruit thinning, when defoliation occurred in the growing season, needs for strengthening the sink function of remained individual fruit effect on fruit enlargement and for increaseing the carbohydrate reserve effect on return bloom.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 1998

Sex ratios, and patterns of tree size and growth variation, resource allocation, spatial and age class distribution between the sexes were investigated in natural populations of the sexual trees, R. trichocarpa and R. sylvestris, and the mainly asexual, clonal tree, R. javanica of the dioecious Rhus (Anacardiaceae) distributed in Korea. Sex ratios for three species exhibited a significant degree of female bias, but among the populations, sex ratios were seen to vary quite widely. The measurement of tree size and annual increment of male trees in R. trichocarpa and R. sylvestris were significantly higher than those of female trees, but not significantly different in R. javanica. In all of the species, flowering branch number per individual and inflorescence number per branch of males outnumbered those of females. Branch number per individual, rachis(leaf) number per branch and rachis(leaf) number per inflorescence were more in females than in males. These results were considered as reproductive efforts to increase the pollen supply in males and the fruit production in females. Spatial distribution analysis in two different populations of R. trichocarpa indicated that males and females were randomly distributed in space, but seedlings were clumped around parental trees. Analysis of age class distributions between the sexual reproduction trees, R. triclaocarpa and R. sylvestris, and the asexual, clonal tree, R. javanica showed a different distribution in frequencies of males and females in each age class. These results showed that sexual and asexual reproduction tree species had almost different preference of habitats, and different sex ratio and annual growth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2013

This study was conducted to compare the sizes of effective values, which users recognize, according to the kinds of physical and psychological services provided by an arboretum, by estimating them in monetary values. As an analysis tool for this purpose, the CE(Choice Experiments) method, which is able to estimate effective value's size depending on each variable, was employed. For drawing up profiles for estimation of the values of individual services, 25 profiles were extracted using the orthogonal design of the SPSS statistical package, and questions of 75 pairs were created not to make each of the profiles overlapped. Then, each user was given three questions at five sets each and 3,510 data were used for the analysis. As the result, in relation to the attribute, 'The kinds of trees should be diversified 50% more than now.', firstly, users showed the biggest willingness to pay, based on the present level, and expressed intentions to pay 7,956 won, additionally. Secondly, the value of the path design that was unique than the present road design was estimated in 6,025 won, and when individual attendants guided visitors in the arboretum, they expressed intentions to pay nearly three times more expenses than when they were guided as a group. These results show that users in the Gyeongnam Arboretum recognized the highest effective values towards the collection and display of trees that are arboretum's original functions, and it was followed by the unique road design to observe a variety of dense trees well. This research could be useful in comparing or measuring particular effective values of users that central operators of arboretums want to know. Moreover, it would be suggested as an advanced research for providing basic data about value estimation of individual environmental goods not only in arboretums, but also in other fields.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.484-490
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• 2013

This study was conducted to develop a simulation model for estimating the amount of such products as round wood, dimension lumber and the residual wood biomass produced by processing the individual trees of Larix kaempferi. In the model, the stem volume is assessed using the taper equations of the species to estimate the stem forms. Then, the model simulates the conversion processes of logs to round wood or lumber and assesses the maximum amount of the wood products by the lumber dimensions or round wood size. Also the model provides information on the amount of residuals for kerf and slabs produced on the conversion processes for sawn timber or round wood. According to the results of an application of the model to a L. kaempferi process, the trees greater than 12 cm of DBH can be converted to logs for lumber or round wood production. For the trees, of which DBH is available for log conversion, the maximum amount of final products by dimensions were analyzed. In this analysis, production of the bigger dimension lumber was assumed to be preferred to that of the smaller or round wood. This model can be used for assesment of forest economic value through estimation of merchantable volume for the trees, and assessment of mill residues which has the potential to provide significant amount of feedstock for bioenergy production as well.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_2
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• pp.1139-1149
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• 2017

Measuring tree's volume is very important input data of various environmental analysis modeling However, It's difficult to use economical and equipment to measure a fragmented small green space in the city. In addition, Trees are sensitive to seasons, so we need new and easier equipment and quantification methods for measuring trees than lidar for high frequency monitoring. In particular, the tree's size in a city affect management costs, ecosystem services, safety, and so need to be managed and informed on the individual tree-based. In this study, we aim to acquire image data with UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), which can be operated at low cost and frequently, and quickly and easily quantify a single tree using SfM-MVS(Structure from Motion-Multi View Stereo), and we evaluate the impact of reducing number of images on the point density of point clouds generated from SfM-MVS and the quantification of single trees. Also, We used the Watertight model to estimate the volume of a single tree and to shape it into a 3D structure and compare it with the quantification results of 3 different type of 3D models. The results of the analysis show that UAV, SfM-MVS and solid model can quantify and shape a single tree with low cost and high time resolution easily. This study is only for a single tree, Therefore, in order to apply it to a larger scale, it is necessary to follow up research to develop it, such as convergence with various spatial information data, improvement of quantification technique and flight plan for enlarging green space.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.208-215
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• 2016

Vaccinium oldhamii Miq. is a Korean native tree, which is deciduous and shrub tree with broad leaf. Fruits were used primarily for edible or medicinal purposes for bladder infection in Korea and China. However, there is a lack of information on the degree of variation of phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of these native clonal. We investigated morphological characteristics, phytochemical contents (polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin) and antioxidant activity for the fruits of 24 individual variation from 4 different regions in Korea. The results in terms of horticultural traits and biochemical characteristics showed significant differences among populations and among individuals within population. The total phenolic contents ranged from 4.40 to 10.58 mg GAE/g and the total flavonoid contents ranged from 2.02 to 8.09 mg NE/g. The total anthocyanin contents ranged from 232.5 to 684.3 mg CGE/100g. Reducing power fruits ranged from 0.15 to 1.43 and DPPH free radical scavenging activity ranged from 49.1 to 97.5% at 400 ppm. Results revealed that the region of origin greatly influenced the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of V. oldhamii, which might help for the selection and validation of the most productive cultivars in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 1983

Cone and seed development after self-pollination in 14-year-old Pinus rigida Mill. was investigated in an $F_1$-hybrid seed orchard that consists of Pinus rigida Mill. and Pinus taeda L. in alternative rows. On an average, 83.8% of the self-pollinated receptive female strobili developed into cones. This value appears to be normal compared to cone development after open-pollination in other pine species such as in Pinus sylvestris L. However, there was a great variation in filled seed development after self-pollination among the investigated individual trees (Table 1-1). The 34.5%, a ratio of filled seeds after self-pollination was significantly lower than 91.7%, that by the open-pollination. Some of the investigated trees developed 70.0%-83.5% of filled seeds after self-pollination. Thus, those are not desirable as trees for seed parent in establishing $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards in future. A further study on the rate of filled seed development by various pollination systems consisting of self-pollination, self-and cross-pollination with intraspecific, mixed (tree's own and foreign pollens) pollens and cross-pollination with interspecific, mixed pollens of the two parental tree species is necessary to determine the quality of seed parent trees in establishing $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 2010

rust fungus, Uromyces truncicola, infected stems, branches and leaves of Sophora japonica trees, and 78% of planted host depending on investigated sites. Teliospores of this fungus were reddish brown, global to oval and $29-37{\times}24-27\;{\mu}m$. The urediniospores were yellowish brown, elliptical to oval with spiny surface and $28-39{\times}19-22\;{\mu}m$. In the infected branches cork layers were thickened, ray parenchymatous cells were distorted, branched or combined and increased in numbers. While ray parenchymatous cells in healthy branches were one or two layers, the cells in the infected branches were three or more layers to shape fusiform. In the infected branches xylem tissues also distorted and yellowish pigments formed in the intercellular space. In the less infected trees the hairs on the branches were dense and long, and the thickness of upper epidermal cell walls were ca 23.3 ${\mu}m$, while in the highly infected trees the hairs were less dense and short, and the thickness of upper epidermal cell walls was ca 17.4 ${\mu}m$. We think individual host trees resistant to this fungus are present.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2010

Transplantation of matsutake-infected pine tree into a pine forest has great potential as an artificial cultivation method of Tricholoma matsutake. Matsutake-infected pine trees had previously transplanted by this research group into the experimental area from 2001 to 2004 and its survival rate determined in 2006 was 20%. For the survived samples, the characteristics of mycelial growth and the development of fairy-ring formation of T. matsutake have been evaluated until 2009. It was found that size of the indeterminate ring showed significant differences among the individual trees and varied from $4\;cm\;{\times}\;4\;cm$ to $52\;cm\;{\times}\;35\;cm$. The variation was possibly resulted from the differences in production area of the matsutake-infected pine tree and those in site characteristics of the transplanted spots. For the characteristics of mycelial growth, it grew in the shape of a cudgel or an acute-angled 'V' in early stage, and then the shape became more wider and changed into an obtuse-angled 'V' as time passed. We expect that matsutake mushrooms may occur from the fairy-rings of some of these matsutake-infected pine trees in the autumn of 2010.