• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

It is important to measure the height of trees as an essential element for assessing the forest health in urban areas. Therefore, an automated method that can measure the height of individual tree as a three-dimensional forest information is needed in an extensive and dense forest. Since airborne LiDAR dataset is easy to analyze the tree height(z-coordinate) of forests, studies on individual tree height measurement could be performed as an assessment forest health. Especially in urban forests, that adversely affected by habitat fragmentation and isolation. So this study was analyzed to measure the height of individual trees for assessing the urban forests health, Furthermore to identify environmental factors that affect forest growth. The survey was conducted in the Mt. Bongseo located in Seobuk-gu. Cheonan-si(Middle Chungcheong Province). We segment the individual trees on coniferous by automatic method using the airborne LiDAR dataset of the two periods (year of 2016 and 2017) and to find out individual tree growth. Segmentation of individual trees was performed by using the watershed algorithm and the local maximum, and the tree growth was determined by the difference of the tree height according to the two periods. After we clarify the relationship between the environmental factors affecting the tree growth. The tree growth of Mt. Bongseo was about 20cm for a year, and it was analyzed to be lower than 23.9cm/year of the growth of the dominant species, Pinus rigida. This may have an adverse effect on the growth of isolated urban forests. It also determined different trees growth according to age, diameter and density class in the stock map, effective soil depth and drainage grade in the soil map. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the distance to the road and the solar radiation as an environmental factor affecting the tree growth. Since there is less correlation, it is necessary to determine other influencing factors affecting tree growth in urban forests besides anthropogenic influences. This study is the first data for the analysis of segmentation and the growth of the individual tree, and it can be used as a scientific data of the urban forest health assessment and management.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.53-68
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• 2010

This paper empirically evaluates the effects of regional and industrial R&D on the performances of individual firms in two separated stages: (1) the stage of technological outcome from R&D and (2) the stage of economic outcome from technological outcome. Technological spillovers are separated from negative congestion effects through the stage-specific estimation. The firm-level Korean Innovation Survey data merit in coping with the endogeneity problem inherent in the estimation of spillovers. The estimation results show that: (1) there exist significant R&D spillovers both in regional and industrial dimensions, (2) the hypothesized technological spillovers and economic congestion effects are both in effect, and (3) firms with smaller individual R&D investments show greater spillovers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 1999

In order to determine the optimum harvest time of vegetable corns, the changes in sugars, soluble solids, and flavor of kernels of sweet (cv. ‘Golden Cross Bantam 70’), super sweet (cv. ‘Cocktail E-51’), and waxy corns (cv. ‘Chalok 2’) were observed at different ripening stages. Sucrose was a major sugar in the sweet and super sweet corns and the content increased from 15 to 21 and 27 days after silking (DAS), respectively and then decreased. Glucose and fructose contents of sweet and super sweet corns tended to decrease with kernel maturity. Total sugar content of the sweet corn analyzed by the anthrone method increased rapidly from 15 to 21 DAS, while that of the super sweet and the waxy corns increased slowly up to 24 and 26 DAS, respectively and decreased thereafter. The content of soluble solids in sweet corn was much higher than that of super sweet corn. Starch content of the sweet corn increased slowly from 15 to 33 DAS, while that of the super sweet corn increased a little rapidly from 15 to 21 DAS and then leveled off to 33 DAS. Starch content of the waxy corn increased continuously from 21 to 38 DAS. There was a positive correlation between the sum of individual sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and soluble solids in both sweet and super sweet corns, while the content of soluble solids was not related to the sum of individual sugars or total sugars. The flavor rate of sweet and super sweet corns maintained high between 21 and 27 DAS and that of waxy corn decreased from 24 to 33 DAS. The optimum harvest time for sweet, super sweet, and waxy corns was thought to be 21 to 24 DAS considering sugar and starch contents, flavor, and marketing.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.2849-2865
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• 2012

In order to block mobile junk messages automatically, many studies on spam filters have applied machine learning algorithms. Most previous research focused only on the accuracy rate of spam filters from the view point of the algorithm used, not on individual user's preferences. In terms of individual taste, the spam filters implemented on a mobile device have the advantage over spam filters on a network node, because it deals with only incoming messages on the users' phone and generates no additional traffic during the filtering process. However, a spam filter on a mobile phone has to consider the consumption of resources, because energy, memory and computing ability are limited. Moreover, as time passes an increasing number of feature words are likely to exhaust mobile resources. In this paper we propose a spam filter model distributed between a users' computer and smart phone. We expect the model to follow personal decision boundaries and use the uniform resources of smart phones. An authorized user's computer takes on the more complex and time consuming jobs, such as feature selection and training, while the smart phone performs only the minimum amount of work for filtering and utilizes the results of the information calculated on the desktop. Our experiments show that the accuracy of our method is more than 95% with Na$\ddot{i}$ve Bayes and Support Vector Machine, and our model that uses uniform memory does not affect other applications that run on the smart phone.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.245-257
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• 2004

Driven by the growing number of the mobile subscribers, efficient channel resource management plays a key role for provisioning multimedia service in the next generation personal communication systems. To reuse limited channel resources, diminishing the coverage areas of cells seems to be the ultimate solution. Thus, however, causes more handover events. To provide seamless connection environment for mobile terminals and applications, this article presents a novel handover scheme called the intelligent channel reservation (ICR) scheme, which exploits the location prediction technologies to accurately reserve channel resources for handover connections. Considering the fact that each mobile terminal has its individual mobility characteristic, the ICR scheme utilizes a channel reserving notification procedure (CRNP) to collect adequate parameters for predicting the future location of individual mobile terminals. These parameters will be utilized by the handover prediction function to estimate the expected handover blocking rate and the expected number of idle channels. Based on the handover prediction estimations, a cost function for calculating the damages from blocking the handover connections and idling channel resources, and a corresponding algorithm for minimizing the cost function are proposed. In addition, a guard channel decision maker (GCDM) determines the appropriate number of guard channels. The experimental results show that the ICR scheme does reduce the handover-blocking rate while keeping the number of idle channels small.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

In this study, a farm map utilization strategy for sustainable agricultural environmental resource management was derived. In addition, it is intended to present an efficient method of providing farm map-related services. As a result of the demand survey, the additional information required for the farm map includes 29% of information on crops grown on farmland, 21% of management-related information such as the owner or business entity, 17% of topographical information including slope, 15% of agricultural water information, 17% of land status information, and the addition of functions. 2% was investigated. As a result of intensive interview survey, it was found that it can be used for information on crops cultivated by agricultural businesses, actual cultivated area by township, arable land consolidation division boundary, and management of agricultural promotion zones. The farm map can be used as basic data to efficiently manage agricultural environmental resources. Since the status of support for individual farms or lots, such as soil improvement agent support and organic fertilizer support, may belong to personal information, it can be processed and provided in units required by administration or policies, such as administrative boundaries, subwatersheds, and watersheds. It can serve as a basis for executing the direct payment currently supported only by individual farms, even in a community unit that manages environmental direct payments.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.90-99
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• 2005

This study was conducted to survey the attitude of Chuncheon citizens on food waste generation. About 50% of the citizens were generating $5{\sim}10{\ell}$ of MSW (municipal solid wastes) a week. These answers were almost from below 35 years old. And the citizens answered that the ratio of FW (food waste) to MSW were 10-30%. They were generating FW enveloped in a standardized vinyl bag after dewatering. About 10% of the answers were generating FW with MSW without any dewatering. The reason for FW generation in large quantities was to cook and buy much more food materials than needed. They thought that malodor and harmful insect were the most severe problems from FW storage. The systematic management was the most needed in individual restaurants. They answered that an individual citizen should make an effort to reduce FW generation. However, in fact, they did not do their best to try to reduce FW generation. They agreed that an individual citizen should try to reform 'present food culture' and to think FW as resources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.762-766
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• 2005

This study was conducted to establish an individual identification system comprising of 19 microsatellite markers located on different bovine autosomes. The markers were typed on 257 animals from five cattle breeds. In total, 112 alleles were detected from the genotyping of 19 microsatellite markers. The average heterozygosities ranged from 0.292 to 0.824 and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.274 to 0.817 in Hanwoo. We found that there were differences in allele frequencies in Hanwoo when compared with other cattle breeds. The calculated cumulative power of discrimination (CPD) was 99.999% when nine microsatellite loci were used for analysis in the individual identification system. Also the matching probability, the probability that two unrelated animals would show the same genotypes, was estimated to be $0.44{\times}10^{-9}$. Therefore, the nine markers used in this study will be used for individual identification in two million Hanwoo individuals.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.912-918
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• 2020

The Korean native black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) is the goat species to be officially registered in Korea under the Food and Agriculture Organization. The object of this study is to establish a set of microsatellite (MS) markers for the individual identification and parentage verification of goats. In this study, we analyzed alleles of MS markers in crosses between Korean native black goats and crossbred goats (n=304 animals), and, based on the diversity of alleles for each marker, we selected 11 MS markers for individual identification and parentage verification. Using these 11 MS markers, the probabilities of different individuals with the same genotype being found within random and half-sib mating populations were 5.58×10^-10 and 1.15×10^-7, respectively. The parentage verification accuracy was 0.999996 when information about the parents was available and 0.999833 with no information. Thus, even given the total rearing population of 576,150 animals in South Korea, we concluded that these markers could be used for the individual identification and parentage verification of goats. Moreover, by analyzing the genetic relationships between the four lines of Korean native black goats and the crossbred goats, we verified the genetic characteristics of Korean native black goats, confirming their conservation value as a unique genetic resource.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.647-660
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of nutrition education program and pamphlet for the lower grades elementary students focused on individual daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System. Program consisted of four lessons (40 min/lesson), "5 major nutrients & function", "6 food group and sources", "daily needed food exchange units for normal body weight", and "smart snack choice and exercise". Pamphlet as activity book was developed for the program. The subjects were 3rd grade elementary students (educated group, 31 vs. non-educated group, 31). Educated group were lessoned as group and/or individual. We examined the differences in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, dietary intakes and satisfaction of the program and pamphlet. In educated group, there were positive improvements on nutrition knowledge score "function and foods of 5 nutrients" and on dietary attitudes "type of breakfast and snacks". In the evaluation of dietary intakes according to KDRI, there were positive improvements on intakes level of riboflavin, vit. C, folate, Ca, P, Fe and Zn in educated group. In satisfaction with the program and pamphlet, contents, font size, visual, figure, difficulty and program curriculum were over 2.90/3.0. It showed that the developed nutrition education program and pamphlet focused on individual daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrients intake level in the lower grades elementary students.