• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-162
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• 2012

Abdominal obesity is an important factor of metabolic syndrome and is known as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the fatty acid intake pattern as well as the association between fatty acid intake and abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia in Korean adults. This study was based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) I, II, III, and IV. After excluding subjects who had missing data for dietary intakes, anthropometric measurments, and laboratory tests, a total of 12,320 subjects aged 20~64y (5,266 men and 7,054 women) were included in the study. Trends in individual consumption of dietary fatty acids by year were analyzed by One-way ANOVA test, and the association between fatty acid intake and abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia was analyzed by logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, energy intake, marital status, job, education level, alcohol intake, and smoking status. In men, intakes of TFA, SFA, MUFA, FUFA, and n-6 PUFA significantly increased with year. On the other hand, intakes of TFA, SFA and FUFA significantly increased with year in women. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of abdominal obesity was significantly associated with intakes of PUFA, LNA and n-3 PUFA in women. However, there was no association with any fatty acid intakes in men. The risk of hyperglycemia was significantly and positively associated with intakes of TFA, SFA, PUFA, and LNA in men, but, there was no significant association with any fatty acid intakes in women. These results show that abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia are significantly associated with individual intake of fatty acids, suggesting that fatty acid type may be associated with risk of abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia. Futher, the macronutrients of measl must be properly balanced.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.442-446
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• 2002

Differences in dietary habits between Korean smokers and non-smokers were investigated using information obtained from 7,370 adults, aged 20 years and older who participated in the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Sulvey. Dietary habit data including: skipping of meals, meal regularity, meal volume, snacking habits, removing fatty portions before eating foods, and dietary supplement intake were collected using a structured questionnaire by interview. Individual smoking data was also collected by interview as part of the health behavior survey. A Chi-square test was used to test the association between the dietary habits and smoking. 66.9% of the men were smokers (daily current or occasional current), while only 6.7% of women smoked. On average, 34.7% of the subjects were smokers. Smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to engage in the following dietary habits considered unhealthy: skipping breakfast, meal irregularity, large dinners, small breakfasts, frequently eating out, and eating food without removing the fatty portion. Therefore, Korean smokers should be provided education to assist them in making healthy dietary choices such as: eating regular meals, small dinners, and removing fatty Portion of foods. The survey also revealed that a substantial percentage (about 20%) of the subjects were taking some kind of dietary supplement, regardless of smoking status. It is, therefore, alto necessary to inform the general public that a balanced diet is the ideal way to obtain nutrients for optimal health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.851-859
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• 2008

To promote the adoption of healthier eating patterns, this study was aimed to develop and evaluate alternative front of pack nutrition signposting concepts. Based on previous research, we developed two signposting concepts, Multiple Traffic Light (MTL) and Multiple Traffic Light with % Daily Value (MTL-%DV). The signposts featured three key nutrients, total sugar, saturated fat, and sodium. Actual food packaging with no front of pack signposting (NoSP) was included in the evaluation to act as a benchmark against which to compare the performance of the different signposting options. Using an interviewer administered method, we assessed the degree of understanding and time to interpret on a total of 534 subjects (194 elementary, 108 middle, and 103 high schoolers, 128 adults). In the individual product evaluations, MTL (87.0%) obtained the highest level of correct responses, followed by MTL-%DV (83.1%) and NoSP (52.2%). Except for signposting concepts, age, gender and living area were not associated with the degree of correct responses in multivariate analyses. When used to compare products with different colors of nutrient contents, correct responses were more than 90% for MTL-%DV (91.5%) and MTL (90.3%). The middle and high schoolers revealed the lower likelihood of correct response compared to the other two groups. In case of comparing products with same colors of nutrient contents, the proportion of correct responses was the highest in NoSP (90%), followed by MTL%DV (77.4%) and MTL (48.5%). In terms of time to interpret, MTL-%DV and MTL performed better than NoSP in the individual product evaluation and the comparison of two products with different colors of nutrient contents. NoSP performed the best in the comparison of two products with same colors of nutrient contents. A majority of the participants preferred MTL-%DV (78%) most and thought it the most useful in helping them make healthier food choices. Based on these findings, MTL-%DV was considered to most closely meet the objectives of the initiatives.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 1993

This survey was carried out in order to find out the education needs of rural women in home improvement. The data were collected from 500 samples who were conjugal women under 65 years old by adminitrating the researcher developed questionaire through interview method. This interview was intensively focused in education fee, free or charged. The major findings of the survey were summerized as follows ; 1) In the educational fee is free, $\ulcorner$fatigue recovery$\lrcorner$ is demanded highest(61.7%) and $\ulcorner$wrighting art$\lrcorner$ is lowest among 30 items. The needs of education are devided 7 fields of the home improvement $\ulcorner$dietary life$\lrcorner$ is the highest demand fields among them. 2) If educational fee is charged, the item of $\ulcorner$technique for side job$\lrcorner$ was highest(42.2%) but $\ulcorner$selecting clothes$\lrcorner$ was lowest, And the field of $\ulcorner$home management$\lrcorner$ was highest demands. 3) On the overall needs of education, charged and free, they want the item of $\ulcorner$family nutrition management$\lrcorner$ and the field of $\ulcorner$dietary life$\lrcorner$ was selected highest. 4) In the relationship between needs of education items and individual/household variables, i.e. age, degree of education, life philosophy, hobby, social activity, experience of home improvement education, and transportation convenience, had significant relationship at 5% level. And the relationship of $\ulcorner$dietary life$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$home management$\lrcorner$ fields are higher significant with individual/household variables.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the current status and to suggest future directions for health management of teenagers who use healthy school tuck shops to improve teenagers' eating habits while reducing and preventing obesity. Methods: A total of 29 students (16 middle school students and 13 high school students) took part in the interview for this study, and the interview was conducted for each school's focus group by using qualitative research methodology. Results: The current status of using healthy school tuck shops and suggested future directions were divided into two categories. Personal barriers such as discrepancies between personal perceptions and behaviors and lack of food choice suitable to individual tastes can be solved by rebuilding the operating system to provide intuitive promotion of behavior and customized products through improvements in existing products and new product development. A lack of consistent management from low utilization convenience and difficulty in maintaining a constant purchase price can be handled by establishing a solution to restricted physical access for products, as well as seeking profit by improving distribution costs via continuous cooperation between the school and community. Conclusions: Continuous funding and a system that reflects the needs and preferences of healthy school tuck shop users should be applied for sustainable operation of healthy school tuck shops to improve teenagers' eating habits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.261-274
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• 2024

Purpose: Recently, high-protein diets have become highly popular, and the market for protein products has steadily increased in Korea together with the development of various types of such products. However, there is limited information on the consumption of protein supplements (PS) or protein-fortified foods (PF). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the use of PS/PF among young adults in Jeju. Methods: A total of 350 adults (140 men and 210 women) aged 19-39 years voluntarily participated in this study from June 2022 to May 2023. PS/PF use was measured using a questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. Results: Approximately 31.4% of the participants (n = 110) had consumed PS/PF for more than 2 weeks during the past year and 71.8% of them (n = 79) were still consuming these products (PS/PF consumers). The PS/PF consumers tended to be male and physically active (p < 0.05 for all). The most frequent reason for PS/PF use was muscle gain (59.5%), followed by protein supplementation (19.0%) and body fat loss (13.9%), and the most frequent type of PS/PF consumed was powders (70.6%), followed by drinks (17.7%) and bars (8.8%). The PS/PF consumers tended to consume a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet compared to the non-consumers. The prevalence of consuming dietary protein less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) was significantly lower in PS/PF consumers (13.9%) compared to non-consumers (25.4%; p = 0.0316). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the necessity of protein supplementation should be determined based on the current dietary protein intake and individual requirements. The study also provides the basic information for establishing guidelines for appropriate protein intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.577-591
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• 2011

A food exchange system for diabetes is a useful tool for meal planning and nutritional education. The first edition of the Korean food exchange lists was developed in 1988 and the second edition was revised in 1995. With recent changes in the food marketplace and eating patterns of Koreans, the third edition of food exchange lists was revised in 2010 by the Korean Diabetes Association, the Korean Nutrition Society, the Korean Society of Community Nutrition, the Korean Dietetic Association and the Korean Association of Diabetes Dietetic Educators through a joint research effort. The third edition is based on nutritional recommendations for people with diabetes and focuses on adding foods to implement personalized nutrition therapy considering individual preferences in diverse dietary environment. Foods were selected based on scientific evidence including the 2007 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data analysis and survey responses from 53 diabetes dietetic educators. While a few foods were deleted, a number of foods were added, with 313 food items in food group lists and 339 food items in the appendix. Consistent with previous editions, the third edition of the food exchange lists included six food categories (grains, meat, vegetables, fats and oils, milk, and fruits). The milk group was subdivided into whole milk group and low fat milk. The standard nutrient content in one exchange from each food group was almost the same as the previous edition. Korea Food & Drug Administration's FANTASY (Food And Nutrient daTA SYstem) database was used to obtain nutrient values for each individual food and to determine the serving size most appropriate for matching reference nutrients values by each food group. The revised food exchange lists were subjected to a public hearing by experts. The third edition of the food exchange lists will be a helpful tool for educating people with diabetes to select the kinds and amounts of foods for glycemic control, which will eventually lead to preventing complications while maintaining the pleasure of eating.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 1999

The issue of health and nutritional wellbeing becomes one of the utmost concerns for the welfare of the elderly in a society of increased aging populations. This study was conducted to assess nutritional state and to identify possible dietary factors that might influence health and nutritional state of the free living elderly women. Two hundred sixty two elderly women, aged 60-90 who are actively participating in a continuing education program for the elderly in Seoul area, were interviewed using a dietary habit questionnaire and a 24-hour recall. Anthropometric measurements such as heights, weights, body mass index, and tricep skinfolds and dental status were significantly different between the two age groups, <75 and ${\geq}$ 75 years of age. Sixty eight percent of the subjects were using nutritional supplements regularly, in the descending order of vitamin-mineral supplements(40%), botanicals(27.6%), tonic drinks(16%), and health foods(13.2%). For hot beverages, our study subjects drank coffee (33.6%) and green tea (17.9%) frequently, followed by doongulae, job's tears, citron and kyulmyung tea. With regard to micronutrients, vitamin C intake was found to be lower in the group aged over 75 compared to that below 75 (p<0.05). Calcium intake was significantly higher among the elderly with good dental status followed by the groups with gingivitis, denture, and missed teeth with poor chewing abilities (p<0.05). The amount of personal spending money was found to be a significant contributing factor (p<0.05) to the energy and nutrient intake in an individual. The results of the present study can be applied to the identification of the possible factors that might intervene the aging process, to the planning of the nutrition education program, and to the development of health food products for the promotion of health and nutrition of the elderly women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.272-281
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• 2013

To study the importance of family meals in adolescents, 251 middle school students were surveyed through a questionnaire on their family meal patterns, dietary behaviors, food intake, and life satisfaction. The family meals were defined as "meals with all family members living together" by 62.2% of the students. For the frequency of family meals, 42.2% of the students replied having family meals "More than once a day". A common reason for the difficulty in having a family meal was a "lack of time" (73.3% of the students). Students tended to respond that they would be most fond in having meals with entire family members with traditional Korean food. Having more frequent family meals was found to benefit both individual and familial dietary behavior. In terms of food intake according to the frequency of family meals, the group having frequent family meals consumed significantly more rice, tofu, legumes, meats, fishes, eggs, green vegetables, seaweeds, fruits, milk, and milk products. This indicates that students can achieve a balanced diet through family meals. In terms of emotional status, the group having more frequent family meals showed a higher satisfaction with their daily life, health, nutritional status, and care from their relatives. In terms of personal mental status, the group having more frequent family meals was also found to be more effective at controlling undesirable emotions such as loneliness, indignation, and lethargy. As a result of this study, students in the group having more frequent family meals were found to have a positive dietary behavior, a balanced nutrition, a higher life satisfaction, and a more stable mental status. This result is useful as nutritional and educational information in schools to impress upon the public the importance of family meals for adolescents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.386-395
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• 2011

The purpose of this research was to study food behaviors and nutrient intakes according to body mass index(BMI) and body image recognition in 211 female university students in Incheon. The majority of the surveyed subjects were in the normal range for BMI. Most of these female university students preferred a thin body type and were not satisfied with their body shapes. Most also controlled their body weight for appearance by exercising and limiting food intake. The obese group often ate processed foods(p<0.01) and ate out(p<0.05). The underweight group and normal-weight group took vitamins and supplements more frequently(p<0.001). Those students who recognized their body image as a 'fat shape' had good appetites(p<0.05) and those who recognized themselves as 'normal shape' considered food formulations ate every meal (p<0.05) and consumed vitamins and other supplements frequently(p<0.01). The mean calorie intake of all students was about 80% of the recommend amount, so there was a risk of lack of various nutrients. The 'fat' students by body image recognition had lower calorie intakes in order to reduce body weight. In all the groups, there was a lack of vitamins $B_1$ and $B_2$, as well as the minerals Ca and Fe. Therefore, education on correct body image recognition and training on proper weight control are deemed necessary. In addition, education and counseling on nutrition that are tailored to individual status are needed.