• Computers and Concrete
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2017

In this paper, mode I fracture toughness of rock was determined by direct and indirect methods using Particle Flow Code simulation. Direct methods are compaction tension (CT) test and hollow centre cracked quadratic sample (HCCQS). Indirect methods are notched Brazilian disk (NBD) specimen, the semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen, hollow centre cracked disc (HCCD), the single edge-notched round bar in bending (SENRBB) specimen and edge notched disk (END). It was determined that which one of indirect fracture toughness values is close to direct one. For this purpose, initially calibration of PFC was undertaken with respect to data obtained from Brazilian laboratory tests to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical models response. Furthermore, the simulated models in five introduced indirect tests were cross checked with the results from direct tests. By using numerical testing, the failure process was visually observed. Discrete element simulations demonstrated that the macro fractures in models are caused by microscopic tensile breakages on large numbers of bonded discs. Mode I fracture toughness of rock in direct test was less than other tests results. Fracture toughness resulted from semi-circular bend specimen test was close to direct test results. Therefore semi-circular bend specimen can be a proper test for determination of Mode I fracture toughness of rock in absence of direct test.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.191-191
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• 1999

A Purge & Trap Concentrator was used to analyze various volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in wat-er. The object of this study was to observe the purge efficiency of 40 VOCs in water according to the change of parameters (purge time drypurge time sample temperature) and to determine the optimum condition for VOCs using the purge & Trap concentrator interfaced with a narrow capillary connected to a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The optimum condition of purge and trap is as follows: purge time at 11min drypurge time at 5min sample temperature at 6$0^{\circ}C$ at constant purge flow (40mol/min) constant desorption flow(20ml/min) desorption temperature(2$25^{\circ}C$) and desorption time (1min) At this analytical condition the detection limits of VOCs was in the range of 0.1~0.5$\mu$g/ml and the purge efficiency of each compound was over 70%.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.40-49
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• 2021

This paper explains the development process of methane decomposition to hydrogen and carbon black using solar thermal energy. It also demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of five different reactors for each development stage, including the reactor's experimental results. Starting with the initial direct heating type reactor, the indirect heating type reactor was developed through five modifications. The 40-kWth solar furnace installed at the Korea Institute of Energy Research was used for the experiment. In the experiment using the developed indirect heating reactor, an 89.0% methane to hydrogen conversion rate was achieved at a methane flow rate of 40 L/min, obtained at about twice the flow rate compared to previous advanced studies.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.10-12
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• 1991

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1093-1101
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• 2010

In this study, the indirect correlation of degradation characteristic and flow behavior in the de-NOx catalyst is investigated experimentally. The inner flow behavior in the de-NOx catalyst is varied from turbulent flow to laminar flow and the degradation of the de-NOx catalyst is remarkably affected by the inner flow. The degradation of the catalyst is increased in the upstream region near the inlet because injected turbulent flow enhances the adhesion of ash particle on the catalyst surface. The degradation of the catalyst near the inlet also governs the overall efficiency of the catalyst. The amount of adhered ash particles on the catalyst surface decreases as they progress downstream. This is due to the inner flow transition from turbulent flow to laminar flow.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.475-483
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• 2015

In Korea, a typically hot and humid summer means that air-conditioners consume a large quantity of electricity; accordingly, the simultaneous usage of an indirect evaporative cooler may reduce the sensible-heat level and save the amount of electricity that is consumed. In this study, the heat-transfer and pressure-drop characteristics of an indirect evaporative cooler made of paper/plastic film were investigated under both dry and wet conditions; for the purpose of comparison, an indirect evaporative cooler made of plastic film was also tested. Our results show that the indirect evaporative efficiencies under a wet condition are greater than those under a dry condition, and the efficiencies of the paper/plastic sample (109% to 138%) are greater than those (67% to 89%) of the plastic sample; in addition, the wet-surface, indirect evaporative efficiencies of the paper/plastic sample are 32% to 36% greater than those of the plastic sample. Further, the wet-surface pressure drops of the paper/plastic sample are 13% to 23% larger than those of the plastic sample, and this might have been caused by the surface roughness of the samples. A rigorous heat-transfer analysis revealed that, for the plastic sample, 30% to 37% of the wet channels remained dry, whereas all of the channels were wet for the paper/plastic sample.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.375-385
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• 2009

The estimation of delivery ratio is a essential part of Korean Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) procedure which needs a number of observed stream flow and pollutants data. If observed data were not sufficient, researchers have to find other alternatives. One of them is to make indirect data by using watershed models, such as Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF) and so on. In this study, indirect daily data was made by using SWAT model. To build the Byongseong-SWAT model accurately, crop cultures are reflected by handling the MGT.file in SWAT model. Especially, mass of manure and schedule of crop culture are inputted through investigating domestic research papers as well as fieldwork. After calibrating SWAT model in comparison with the 22-years flow and pollutants observed outlet data, the delivery ratio of Byongseong watershed is calculated by using daily simulated data during 2004-2007. Empirical equations for delivery ratio through multi-regression analysis are developed by using meteorological and physical factors such as flow, watershed area, stream length, catchment slope, curve number (CN) and subbasin's pollutant discharge loads.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.37-42
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• 2011

The normal cooling system of a refrigerator is applied to indirect a cooling methods. But the Kimchi refrigerator is applied to direct the cooling method. Recently when the model was applied to both direct and indirect the cooling methods, the improvement was considerable. With the development of the living standards in Korea, there has been more sensitive dissatisfaction about the taste and the smell of Kimchi. In order to solve these kinds, there is a need to systematic and scientific approach. Based on these, the purpose of this study is to optimize design for improve the storage period of Kimchi refrigerator. In this research, we concentrate on the temperature change and heat transfer characteristics of interior parts of the Kimchi refrigerator due to control cycle of temperature and flow phenomenon of cooling air.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.677-684
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• 2003

A new unipolar aerosol charger was developed by using an indirect photoelectric charging. The charger consists of two coaxial tubes, the inner UV lamp wrapped with stainless mesh and the outer Al cylinder. In this study, the effects of flow rate, particle size, and electric field were examined to search the optimal charging conditions with experimental and numerical methods. Monodisperse NaCl particles were fed into an annular space and the particles were charged by negative ions generated from Al plate exposed to the UV light. According to experimental results, the average number of elementary charge on particles increases from 2.5 to 5.5 as particle size increases from 50nm to 130nm at 2.5 L/min and 100V. The average number of elementary charge on particles was maximized at 25V as the electric potential between the stainless mesh and Al plate was varied from 0V to 400V.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.379-386
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• 2018

The present study addresses the direct and indirect methods of determining the mode-I fracture toughness of concrete using experimental tests and particle flow code. The direct method used is compaction tensile test and the indirect methods are notched Brazilian disc test, semi-circular bend specimen test, and hollow center cracked disc. The experiments were carried out to determine which indirect method yields the fracture toughness closer to the one obtained by the direct method. In the numerical analysis, the PFC model was first calibrated with respect to the data obtained from the Brazilian laboratory test. The crack paths observed in the simulated tests were in reasonable accordance with experimental results. The discrete element simulations demonstrated that the macro fractures in the models are caused by microscopic tensile breakages on large numbers of bonded particles. The mode-I fracture toughness in the direct tensile test was smaller than the indirect testing results. The fracture toughness obtained from the SCB test was closer to the direct test results. Hence, the semi-circular bend test is recommended as a proper experiment for determination of mode-I fracture toughness of concrete in the absence of direct tests.