• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.283-300
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• 2010

It has been recognized for a long time that high school students have difficulty in properly interpreting the form $0^0$. The treatment of $0^0$ was still a subject of a slight controversy among mathematicians until relatively recently. Since the mathematics curriculum in high school does not provide the definite treatment of $0^0$, some students might be inclined to ask what the value of the form is. In this research, we review materials dealing with $0^0$ and analyze historically and mathematically the form, whose true meaning is an indeterminate form. We identify the reality of the mathematics education in high school by conducting simple surveys targeting some high school teachers and the students who graduated from high schools recently. Then we discuss, for teachers and pre-service teachers, how to teach the form $0^0$ in high school mathematics.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 2011

This study was carrying out research on the geometry of Sulbas${\={u}}$tras as parts of looking for historical roots of oriental mathematics, The Sulbas${\={u}}$tras(rope's rules), a collection of Hindu religious documents, was written between Vedic period(BC 1500~600). The geometry of Sulbas${\={u}}$tras in ancient India was studied to construct or design for sacrificial rite and fire altars. The Sulbas${\={u}}$tras contains not only geometrical contents such as simple statement of plane figures, geometrical constructions for combination and transformation of areas, but also algebraic contents such as Pythagoras theorem and Pythagorean triples, irrational number, simultaneous indeterminate equation and so on. This paper examined the key features of the geometry of Sulbas${\={u}}$tras and the geometry of Sulbas${\={u}}$tras for the construction of the sacrificial rite and the fire altars. Also, in this study we compared geometry developments in ancient India with one of the other ancient civilizations.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.5 no.3 s.17
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

The paper presents a direct method for the diplacement control and stiffness redesign using displacement and response force contribution factors. At first, these two kinds of factors are derived and the relationship between them is examined. An equation to evaluate the change of displacement according to the change of each member stiffness is proposed. For the statically determinate structures, the proposed equation gives the exact solution with no approximation. But it has some error in case of statically indeterminate structures because the redistribution of response forces is neglected in the equation. However, the equation may be very useful even for statically indeterminate structures because it provides the relationship between the member stiffness and the global displacement. The proposed method is expected to be useful for the displacement control of large space or hi-rise building structures where the stiffness design governs the design result.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.204-211
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze characteristics and expression methods of contemporary art museums from the perspective of 'Rhizome', which is considered under similar context as 'indeterminacy' that represents the characteristics of contemporary public spaces. Methods of this study are as follows. First, necessity of this study is verified by investigating literature data and preceding studies, and by examining the fact that indeterminate characteristic is a new approach to contemporary public spaces. Second, in order to analyze Rhizomic expression in public spaces, analysis criteria are suggested by extracting components of public spaces and spatial characteristics of R150hizome from the literature. Third, Rhizomic characteristics and expression methods used in contemporary art museums are understood based on such analysis criteria. Fourth, when each spatial characteristic is expressed in art museums, the study found out that two factors among 'program', 'circulation', and 'form' are planned out as a mixture. Therefore, 'cohesion' is expressed as 'program' and 'form' in contemporary public spaces viewed from the perspective of 'Rhizome'. Also, 'diversity' is actively expressed through 'program' and 'circulation', and 'non-hierarchy' through 'form' and 'circulation'. Such methods are positive methods of expressing indeterminate contemporary public spaces. Since this study conducted analysis on characteristics and expression methods of public spaces from Rhizomic perspective of contemporary society, such results are deemed valuable in planning out public spaces that reflect the characteristics of contemporary society.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-82
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• 2016

In this paper, I argue that it is Kripke's Tractarian notion of rule-following that prevents him from giving a non-skeptical (straight) solution to Wittgenstein's paradox. I characterize the Tractarian notion of rule-following as the 'determinate/infinistic' notion of rule-following. The later Wittgenstein, however, advocates an opposite notion of rule-following: the 'indeterminate/finistic' notion. Considering the later Wittgenstein's context-sensitive, pragmatics-oriented approach to meaning and rule-following, the later Wittgenstein could not have endorsed the determinate/infinistic notion of rule-following. To the contrary, a motive behind Wittgenstein's skeptical paradox was to blame the Tractarian notion of rule-following as the major culprit giving rise to the paradox. At the end, I argue that Kripke's adherence to the Tractarian-correspondence theory of truth also contributes to his failure to offer a non-skeptical solution to the paradox. If Kripke had noticed that the later Wittgenstein was a deflationist about truth, he could have avoided his skeptical conclusion.

• Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.404-410
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• 2018

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology serves as a safe, economical tool in evaluating thyroid nodules. However, about 30% of the samples are categorized as indeterminate. Hence, many immunocytochemistry markers have been studied, but there has not been a single outstanding marker. We studied the efficacy of CD56 with human bone marrow endothelial cell marker-1 (HBME-1) in diagnosis in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) category III. Methods: We reviewed ThinPrep liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples with Papanicolaou stain from July 1 to December 31, 2016 (2,195 cases) and selected TBSRTC category III cases (n=363). Twenty-six cases were histologically confirmed as benign (six cases, 23%) or malignant (20 cases, 77%); we stained 26 LBC slides with HBME-1 and CD56 through the cell transfer method. For evaluation of reactivity of immunocytochemistry, we chose atypical follicular cell clusters. Results: CD56 was not reactive in 18 of 20 cases (90%) of malignant nodules and showed cytoplasmic positivity in five of six cases (83%) of benign nodules. CD56 showed high sensitivity (90.0%) and relatively low specificity (83.3%) in detecting malignancy (p=.004). HBME-1 was reactive in 17 of 20 cases (85%) of malignant nodules and was not reactive in five of six cases (83%) of benign nodules. HBME-1 showed slightly lower sensitivity (85.0%) than CD56. The specificity in detecting malignancy by HBME-1 was similar to that of CD56 (83.3%, p=.008). CD56 and HBME-1 tests combined showed lower sensitivity (75.0% vs 90%) and higher specificity (93.8% vs 83.3%) in detecting malignancy compared to using CD56 alone. Conclusions: Using CD56 alone showed relatively low specificity despite high sensitivity for detecting malignancy. Combining CD56 with HBME-1 could increase the specificity. Thus, we suggest that CD56 could be a useful preoperative marker for differential diagnosis of TBSRTC category III samples.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.419-442
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• 2023

This study investigated fifth graders' understanding of variables from a generalized arithmetic and a functional perspectives of early algebra. Specifically, regarding a generalized perspective, we included the property of 1, the commutative property of addition, the associative property of multiplication, and a problem context with indeterminate quantities. Regarding the functional perspective, we covered additive, multiplicative, squaring, and linear relationships. A total of 246 students from 11 schools participated in this study. The results showed that most students could find specific values for variables and understood that equations involving variables could be rewritten using different symbols. However, they struggled to generalize problem situations involving indeterminate quantities to equations with variables. They also tended to think that variables used in representing the property of 1 and the commutative property of addition could only be natural numbers, and about 25% of the students thought that variables were fixed to a single number. Based on these findings, this paper suggests implications for elementary school students' understanding and teaching of variables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.5
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• pp.1066-1082
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• 2021

Incidental adnexal masses considered indeterminate for malignancy are commonly observed on ultrasonography. Multiparametric MRI is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses. Conventional MRI enables a confident pathologic diagnosis of various benign lesions due to accurate tissue characterization of fat, blood, fibrous tissue, and solid components. Additionally, functional imaging sequences, including perfusion- and diffusion-weighted imaging, improve the diagnostic efficacy of conventional MRI in differentiating benign from malignant adnexal masses. The ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system (O-RADS) MRI was recently designed to provide consistent interpretations in assigning risk of malignancy to ovarian and other adnexal masses, and to provide a management recommendation for each risk category. In this review, we describe the clinical application of multiparametric MRI for the evaluation of adnexal masses and introduce the O-RADS MRI risk stratification system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

Element-focused network analysis method for truss structure is proposed. The propagation process of loads from external loads to connected other elements is similar to that of connections between nodes in accordance with attachment rule in a network. Here nodes indicate elements in a truss structure and edges represent propagated loads. Therefore, the flows of loads in a truss structure can be calculated using the network analysis method, and consequently the structure can also be analyzed. As a first step to analyze a truss structure as a network, we propose a local load transfer rule in accordance with the topology of elements, and then analyze the loads of the truss elements. Application of this method reveal that the internal loads and reactions caused by external loads can be accurately estimated. Consequently, truss structures can be considered as networks and network analysis method can be applied to further complex truss structures.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.422-429
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• 2005

It is limited to decrease height or section even by system conversion to indeterminate structure - continuous beam - in existing PSC girder bridges. In this study, the movement of connection is analyzed through actual field test, by increasing stiffness of negative moment area in continuous PSC bridge and developing continuous PSC bridge with embedded steel plate, that can overcome the demerit of existing connection. As a result, it is confirmed that the body unification of the connection is being realized and maintained. Moreover, the height of a span is suggested in continuous PSC girder bridge with embedded steel plate by computational analysis