• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.696-703
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum re-extraction conditions of ethanol from catechin in Korean green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments were carried out according to a five level and two variable central composite design (CCD). The two independent variables were solvent ratio to sample content (1, 4, 7, 10, 13 mL/g) and extraction temperature (-20, -10, 0, 10, $20^{\circ}C$) on the dependent variables including yield, epigallocatechin (EGC), epicathchin (EC), epigallocatechingallate (EGCG), epicatechingallate (ECG), total catechin and caffeine. ANOVA results showed that Coefficients of determination ($R^2$) of estimated models for dependent variables were ranged from 0.9054~0.9778, while $R^2$ of caffeine were estimated 0.8770. The optimum ranges for the maximized extraction including yield, EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG, caffeine and total catechin were 4.5~7.5 mL/g in ratio of ethanol to sample and $-8{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ in extraction temperature. The actual values of yield, EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG, caffeine and total catechin, respectively, at the optimized conditions were 35.02%, 13.31%, 3.978%, 19.11%, 4.29%, 5.30% and 40.68%.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.913-922
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to develop a new salting condition that included added maltodextrin (MD) and grape seed extract (GSE) to ensure the microbiological safety and quality of salted shredded Korean cabbage. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the effects of four independent variables (NaCl concentration, salting duration, MD concentration, and GSE concentration). The following response variables were evaluated: reduction in total aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold counts; weight loss and salt content; and taste, texture, and overall acceptability of salted shredded Korean cabbage. The optimal salting conditions include a combination of 10.09~10.32% NaCl, 9.45~10.00% MD, and 234~300 ppm GSE in a ternary salting solution and a salting duration of 5.68~5.94 hr. This optimal combination reduced total aerobic bacterial and yeast/molds counts by 3.33 and 1.45 log CFU/g, respectively, while maintaining high sensory scores for taste, texture, and overall acceptability of the salted shredded Korean cabbage. In addition, the optimal conditions yielded more acceptable weight loss and salt content characteristics. The results suggest that use of the optimized combination of salting conditions can improve the microbiological safety and quality of salted shredded Korean cabbage used for commercial kimchi production.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-83
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• 2017

This study was conducted to obtain the optimal conditions of hot air drying for Cudrania tricuspidata by response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables were blanching time (60, 120, 240 sec), drying temperature (40, 60, $80^{\circ}C$) and drying time (12, 24, 36 h). The dependant variables were total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and color difference (${\Delta}E$). Viable cell colony was counted according to changes of blanching time. It was confirmed that microorganisms gradually decreased with increasing blanching time. From RSM results, the predicted values of TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ${\Delta}E$ were 8.62 mg GAE/g, 56.65 mg RE/g, 40.26% and 11.69, respectively. Experimental values within the optimal range (240 sec, blanching time; $60^{\circ}C$, drying temperature; 24 h, drying time) were 10.06 mg GAE/g, 49 mg RE/g, 44.99% and 10.53, respectively. The predicted values were similar to the experimental values. Comparing drying tendency according to changes of blanching time, moisture reduction was bigger in the blanched sample than that in control at $40^{\circ}C$. However, the differences between blanched and control decreased with increase of drying temperature. Viable cell gradually decreased as increasing blanching time.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity of balanced nutritional formular for patients containing various ingredients after gamma irradiation at 4 kGy. Since viable bacteria were not observed within the detection limit of 1 log CFU/g, a dose of 4 kGy was appropriate for the pasteurization of the formular. In a bacterial reverse mutation assay, both hot water and methanol extracts of the formular exhibited dose-independent responses, which was similar to those obtained from that of the negative control (distilled water or dimethyl sulfoxide). In a chromosomal aberration test using lung fibroblast cells of Chinese hamster, the numbers of normal chromosomes were comparable to those observed in the negative control, regardless of the treatment dose and metabolic activation system. Furthermore, no significant increases in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were observed relative to the control, when mice were fed with the formular at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight. Therefore, the balanced nutritional formular for patients did not exhibit genotoxicity when pasteurization by gamma irradiation at 4 kGy.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2005

Microwave-assisted process (MAP) was applied to extract antioxidant-related components from Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica Hara. Microwave power(2,450 MHz, $0{\sim}160$ W) and extraction time($1{\sim}5\;min$) were used as independent variables($X_i$) for central composite design to yield 10 different extraction conditions. Response surface methodology was applied to predict optimum extraction conditions for dependent variables of extracts, such as total yield, total phenolics, flavonoid, and electron donation ability depending on different powers and extraction times of MAP. Determination coefficients($R^2$) of regression equations for dependent variables were higher than 0.93 excluding that of total phenolics, and microwave power was predicted more influential than extraction time in MAP (p<0.05). The optimal extraction time for each dependent variable was ranged from 3.36 to 4.97 min, but microwave power showed wide ranges depending on variables. The superimposed contour maps for maximized dependent variables illustrated extraction conditions of 64 to 100 W in microwave power and 2.9 to 4.0 min in extraction time.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.492-500
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop a sauce prepared with sweet pumpkin and Korea Doenjang. The optimum conditions for manufacturing sweet pumpkin-doenjang sauce were investigated using the response surface methodology, based on the central composition design. The amount of stock added, the thickening agent, and doenjang were used as the independent variables, and the sensory characteristics (taste, flavor, color, and overall acceptability) were used as the dependent variables to evaluate the optimum conditions for the preparation of the sauce. The optimum conditions for the maximized-responses variables in the preparation of the sauce were 448.5 g of sweet pumpkin stock, 331.5 g of the thickening agent, and 20.0 g of doenjang. The quality characteristics of sweet pumpkin-doenjang sauce that was manufactured at optimum conditions were as follow: 89.55% moisture content, 0.70% crude protein, 0.10% crude lipids, and 0.71% crude ash. The pH of the sauce was 5.96; total acidity, 0.08%; and soluble solids, 6.80$^{\circ}Brix$. The total polyphenol content of the sauce was 5.70 mg/L. The electron-donating ability and reducing power of the sauce were, 14.24% and 1.64 OD, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.986-992
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• 2011

The alcohol fermentation of apple juice was optimized as a preliminary study for the production of natural apple cider vinegar. To gain an optimal fermentation yield, a central composite design was used to investigate the effects of the independent variables [initial Brix (12/14/16/18/20, $X_1$), fermentation time(48/54/60/66/72h, $X_2$), and fermentation temperature(24/26/28/30/$32^{\circ}C$, $X_3$)] on the dependent variables (alcohol content, reducing sugar, Brix, acidity). The alcohol content was 3.4-6.4%, the reducing sugar was 1.93-6.24%, and the Brix was $6.1-13.8^{\circ}$. The alcohol content was mainly affected by the fermentation temperature and increased along with the fermentation time and temperature. The amount of the reducing sugar was significantly affected by the initial Brix and fermentation temperature. The optimal conditions for the alcohol content were found to be 15.22 initial Brix, 64.97 h fermentation time, and $31.56^{\circ}C$ temperature.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2018

In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Abeliophyllum distichum (A. distichum) leaves that were prepared via air-drying. Fresh and air-dried A. distichum leaves were examined via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and measurements of the reducing power. The suppression effects on inflammation of the leaves were analyzed by a western blot and RT-PCR on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. As a result, the antioxidant activity of the fresh leaves was found to be more effective than that of the air-dried leaves. Also, the fresh leaves were more effective in suppressing the protein and mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 than the air-dried leaves, thereby indicating the better anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the contents of phenolic compounds and acteoside were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the acteoside content decreased with the use of the air-drying method, while there was no change in the content of phenolic compounds. Therefore, this study indicated that fresh A. distichum leaves potential antioxidant and suppression activities of various factors that are involved in the production of NO, which were found to be better than those of air-dried A. distichum leaves. These biological activities were also found to be independent of the content of phonolic compounds and were assumed to be directly or indirectly related to the content of acteoside.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.25-50
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• 2016

Archives and Records Management Studies is being developed its own independent domains. However, the existing library classification scheme such as the KDC don't properly reflect the characteristics of Archives and Records Management Studies. This classification scheme has the irrational part of the arrangement of the subject items and should be required to rearrange subdivision of the subject areas. In this study, According to the characteristics of Archives and Records Management Studies, It is set up 8 subject areas, Records Management (General), the law and polices of records management, the collection and appraisal of the records, the documentary organization, recording information services, preservation of the records, archives management, archives and records center, etc. After analyzing the major contemporary library classification system such as KDC, DDC, NDC, UDC, LCC, then It is suggested that improvement measures through analyzing classification status and keywords of the Archives and Records Management data contained in Korean National Bibliography. In Archives and records management studies, The contents of the eight subject areas related to the field are changed to allow integration with KDC 028.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.527-536
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the needs for pediatric palliative care (PPC) among parents of children with complex chronic conditions (CCCs) and to investigate differences in the needs for PPC according to their general characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March 28 and May 18, 2018. Parents (N=96) who had a child under 18 years with a CCC were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: The overall average need for PPC was $3.58{\pm}0.33$ out of 4.00. In terms of care for the subjects' children, the highest need was physical care, followed by psychosocial and spiritual care. In the sub-dimensions, preservation of physical function received the highest score. Of the items, the highest need was for seizure control. In terms of care for the subjects themselves, the highest need was for psychosocial care, followed by bereavement and spiritual care. In the sub-dimensions, communication received the highest score. Of the items, the highest need was for smooth communication with medical staff. Differences in needs for PPC according to participants' general characteristics were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Medical staff should provide PPC according to the priorities of parents' perceived needs.