• 제목/요약/키워드: indemnity risks

검색결과 12건 처리시간 0.028초

소아 및 청소년의 실손형 민간의료보험 가입 결정요인 (Determinants of Purchasing Indemnity Private Health Insurance among Adolescents and Children)

  • 유창훈;강성욱;최지헌;권영대
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제18권10호
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    • pp.99-110
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    • 2018
  • 최근 자녀의 건강위험에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 소아 및 청소년의 실손형 민간의료보험 가입이 급증하고 있다. 본 연구는 한국의료패널 2009-2015년 자료를 이용하여 소아 및 청소년 4,567명을 대상으로 실손형 민간의료보험 가입의 영향 요인을 분석하였다. 패널로짓을 활용한 분석 결과, 소아 및 청소년의 특성에서는 연령, 출생 순서, 거주지, 장애 여부가, 아버지의 특성에서는 실손형 의료보험 가입, 만성질환 및 장애, 어머니의 특성에서는 자녀와의 연령 차이, 실손형 의료보험 가입, 미충족의료, 가구 특성에서는 1인당 가구소득이 가입에 영향을 미치는 유의한 요인이었다. 만혼과 고령출산, 저출산으로 인한 자녀의 건강위험에 대한 불안감과 의료비 부담을 완화할 수 있도록 소아 및 청소년의 의료보장성 강화정책이 지속적으로 시행될 필요가 있다. 특히 다자녀 가구, 취약계층에 대한 정책적 배려가 필요하다.

영국계 P&I 클럽의 설립배경에 관한 사적 고찰 (A Historical Survey on the Background of Establishment of British P & I Club)

  • 신건훈
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제34권
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    • pp.77-108
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    • 2007
  • The traditional name given to the insurance of third party liabilities and certain contractual liabilities which arise in connection with the operation of ships is protection and indemnity(P & I) insurance. P & I insurance is very different from traditional hull and machinery insurance in that shipowners' hull and machinery insurance is designed primarily to protect the assured against losses to his vessel, whereas P & I insurance seeks to indemnify an shipowner in respect of the discharge of legal liabilities he has incurred in operating his own vessels. This study is to examine the background of establishment of British P & I clubs md, therefore, the identity of P & I insurance. The present British P & I clubs are the remote descendants of the many small and local hull mutual insurance clubs that were formed by British shipowners in the end of 18th century. At that time, British shipowners were dissatified with the state of marine insurance market and, therefore, established clubs together in mutual hull insurance clubs. After the removal of the company monopoly in 1824, greater competition had a good effect on the rates, terms of cover and service offered by the commercial marine insurance market and by Lloyd's underwriters, and the hull clubs became less necessary and went into decline. The burden of British shipowners on liabilities to third parties was steadily increased after the middle of the 19th century, but the amount insured under hull policy was limited in the insured value of the ship. Eventually, the first protection club, that is, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society was formed in 1855. It was designed to like past mutual hull clubs, but to cover liabilities for loss of life and personal injury and also the collision risks excluded from the current marine policies, particularly the excess above the limits in hull policies. In 1870, the risks of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first awarded by the British shipowners. After 1874, many protection clubs formed indemnity club to cover the risk of liability for loss or damage to cargo. As mentioned above, British P & I clubs have been steadily changed according to the response of shipowners under the rapidly changing law of British shipowners' liability, and so on in the future.

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A Basic Study on the Introduction of Professional Indemnity Insurance for Construction Project Managers

  • Cho, Young-Jun
    • 한국건축시공학회지
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.102-111
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    • 2013
  • During the administration of a construction project, various types of participants are engaged in the project. From the design phase to the maintenance phase, these participants may confront many risks. To avoid these risks, participants should utilize an insurance company or a bond company. The types of risks and liability that a construction manager may face are listed in the construction law or contract. But there are some arguments related to risk transferring and the content of risks. For this reason, construction managers must carefully consider any possible risks in the contract and the construction law. Therefore, for construction managers to deal with risks appropriately, the introduction of a legal requirement to carry professional liability insurance, a defined compensation range for damages, a method of guarantee in the event of defects, a defined compensation claim period for damage, and a method of damage claim were suggested in this study.

${\cdot}$기흉과 관련된 의료법학적 문제에 대한 고찰 -종결된 사건을 중심으로- (Medico-Legal Consideration of Hemopneumothorax - Closing Claim Study-)

  • 배현아;전영진
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • 제39권2호
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    • pp.117-126
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    • 2006
  • 배경: 혈${\cdot}$기흉과 관련하여 우리나라에서 제기된 의료과오 소송들의 양상과 그 결과들을 살펴봄으로써 의사들이 혈${\cdot}$기흉 환자 처치에 있어서 의학적 적응증과 정확한 술기방법 외에 의료법학적으로 고려하여야 하는 부분을 밝혀 발생 가능한 소송에 대처하려 한다. 대상 및 방법: 혈${\cdot}$기흉과 관련된 의료소송 중 재판종결 후 판결문이 공개된 판례들을 대상으로 Lawnb site (www.lawnb.com)와 법원에서 제공하는 법고을 시디롬을 검색하여 혈${\cdot}$기흉 발생 원인, 환자 나이, 기저질환, 소송결과 및 배상금 등을 조사하여 검토하였다. 결과: 대법원 판례 3건, 고등법원 판례가 1건, 지방법원 판례가 3건으로 총 7건의 판결문이 검색되었고 소송결과 3건은 원고가 일부 승소하였고, 4건의 경우는 원고의 청구를 기각하여 파기 환송하였다. 사망 사고의 경우 소송의 원인이 된 사인 중 가장 흔한 원인은 긴장성 기흉이었다. 결론: 혈${\cdot}$기흉과 관련된 소송의 빈도가 높은 것은 아니지만, 환자의 사망 또는 발생한 후유증으로 인해 발생한 손해에 대한 배상액이 상당하다. 소송의 발생은 소아 환자에게 발생한 혈${\cdot}$기흉의 경우가 더 흔하다. 의인성 기흉의 경우 시술 후 방사선 촬영여부가 환자의 예후 및 소송에 있어서 의사를 방어하는 증거로 제시될 수 있고, 충분한 설명에 근거한 동의 역시 중요하다.

해상적하보험계약(海上積荷保驗契約)에 있어서 보험조건선택(保險條件選擇)의 문제점(問題點)에 관한 고찰(考察) (A Study on the Problem of Insurance Terms Choice in the Marine Cargo Insurance Contract)

  • 라공우;한상현
    • 산학경영연구
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    • 제11권
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    • pp.415-437
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    • 1998
  • 우리나라 보험통계현황(保險統計現況)에서 보면 수출적하(輸出積荷)인 경우가 최근 3년간 전위험담보조건(全危驗擔保條件)이 95%이상을 상회하고 있다는 것과 신(新). 구약관(舊約款)의 사용내역을 보면 구약관(舊約款)의 사용이 2배 이상을 상회한다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 이는 하주(荷主)의 입장에서 보면 적하보험약관상(積荷保險約款上) 입증책임(立證責任)과 손해보상범위(損害補償範圍)에 문제점이 있다는 것을 설명해주고 있다. 또한 하주(荷主)의 보험마인드에도 운송인에의 구상권행사(求償權行使)가 복잡함으로써 보험자에게 전가(轉嫁)하려고 하는 의도도 있겠다. 따라서 피보험자(被保險者)인 입장에서 입증책임(立證責任)의 원칙과 손해보상범권(損害補償範圈)에 있어서는 화물의 특성을 고려한 동업자약관(同業者約款)(Trade Clause)의 도입(導入)과 적극적인 활용(活用)이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

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영국 해상보험법 상 담보법원칙의 문제점 및 개혁 필요성 (A Study on Some Problems and the Need for Reform of the Rule of Warranty in English Law of Marine Insurance)

  • 신건훈
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제43권
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    • pp.239-273
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    • 2009
  • Marine insurance contracts, which intended to provide indemnity against marine risks upon the payment of a premium, originated in Northern Italy in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. The law and practice of Italian merchants were later introduced into England through Lombard merchants. It is, therefore, quite exact that English and Continental marine insurance law have common root. Nevertheless, some significant divergences between English and Continental marine insurance systems occurred since the late 17th century, mainly due to different approaches adopted by English courts. The rule of warranty in English marine insurance was established in the second part of the 18th century by Lord Mansfield, who laid the foundations of the modern English law of marine insurance and developed different approaches, especially in the field of warranty in marine insurance law. Since the age of Lord Mansfield, English marine insurance law has developed a unique rule on warranty. Bearing in mind the realities of the 18th century, it could easily be understood why Lord Mansfield afforded such a strict legal character to marine warranties. At that time, the 'promise' given by the assured, played an important role for the insurer to assess the scope of the risk. Legal environments, however, have changed dramatically since the times of Lord Mansfield. Of course, it is still important that the assured keep his promises to the insurer under the insurance contract, which is based upon utmost good faith. Nevertheless, the remedy of automatic discharge from liability, regardless of existence of a casual link between the breach and loss seems harsh in the realities of the 21st century. After examining the warranty regime adopted by the German and Norwegian hull clauses, it is fair to say that they provide a more equitable approaches for the assured than does English law. Therefore, this article suggests that English warranty regime needs overall reform and it is time to reform.

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최적 리콜보험상품 설계에 관한 연구 (The Design of Optimal Recall Insurance Product)

  • 김두철
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제3권4호
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    • pp.325-332
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    • 2002
  • 본 논문은 최적리콜보험계약의 설계와 관련된 논문의 survey이다. 리콜보험 뿐만이 아니라 최적보험계약을 만들기 위해서는 보험계약의 조건들이 내생적이라는 가정하에서 연구모형을 구축하고 분석의 과정에서는 보험구매를 위한 의사결정 원칙으로 기대효용이론, 비기대효용이론, 및 상태귀속적인 (state-dependent) 효용함수를 사용하였다. 어떠한 이론을 사용하더라도 최적보험의 조건들은 존재한다. 다만 계약조건에 관련되어서는 보험의 비용, 자기부담금, 보상한도액 등이 차이가 날 수 있다. 보험의 비용은 지급보험금과 선형, 오목형, 볼록형의 관계가 성립할 수 있으나 잠식비용과 고정비용의 존재를 인정하여야 한다. 이를 바탕으로 최적보험을 위한 비용 설계가 이루어져야 한다. 또한 전부보험이냐 일부보험이냐를 결정하는 자기부담금의 존재는 일률자기부담금형태와 점감식자기부담금형태가 가능하다. 자기부담금 수준의 결정과 관련하여 담보되는 모든 위험에 동일한 수준을 적용시킬 것인가 혹은 차별화시킬 것인가는 보험의 종류에 따라 달라질 수밖에 없다. 보상한도와 관련되어서는 특히 리콜보험에 있어서는 기업의 파산위험성이 상당히 존재하고 있으므로 계약당사자의 파산선고를 포함한 이익이 충분히 고려되어야 한다. 또한 제약조건으로는 불완전시장에 대한 이해를 필요로 하며 담보할 수 없는 배경위험의 존재에 대한 배려가 있어야 한다.

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우리나라 군용항공기 제작사의 책임제한 해결방안에 관한 고찰 (The Limitation of the Military Aviation Manufacturer's Liability)

  • 신성환
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제32권1호
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    • pp.139-175
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    • 2017
  • 국회는 2017년 3월 30일 제조물책임법 일부개정법률안을 국회본회의에서 통과시켰다. 본 개정안에는 무엇보다 피해자인 소비자의 입증책임을 완화시키며 제조물책임의 배상책임을 3배까지 증액하는 신설조항이 있어서, 제조물책임관련 소송이 증대될 것이며, 제조물책임보험 가입이 증가할 것이다. 군용항공기 제작사는 군용항공기의 제작목적이 기동성 위주이며, 군의 작전성을 위주로 운용되기 때문에 현실적으로 군용항공기 제조사들이 군용항공기 제조물책임보험을 들 수 없는 현실 상황하에 군용항공기제작사는 제조물책임법과 하자담보책임, 채무불이행책임의 손해배상 위험에 직면하여 있다. 제조물책임법의 시원지인 미국은 1970년대 제조물책임법이 시행되게 되자, 군용항공기제작사의 책임한도에 대하여 학계, 법조계, 보험업계에서 큰 논란이 있었으며, 군용항공기 제작사의 책임문제를 해결하기 위하여, Government Contractor Defense (GCD, 정부계약자항변) 라는 법리를 판례로 만들어 냈다. 한국과 미국정부가 맺고 실제 적용하고 있는 Foreign Military Sales(FMS) 계약서에는 군용항공기제작사에 대한 면책조항이 있다. 군용항공기 제작사가 높은 제조물책임보험을 들 수 없고, 방산원가에도 제조물책임보험료를 반영시키지 않는 현실에서 외국의 수출을 확대하고 있는 군용항공기제작사는 위기 그 자체에 직면하고 있음을 정확히 알고, 시급히 이러한 위기를 해결할 수 있는 입법개정, 정책수립을 하여야만 한다.

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2010년 주요 의료 판결 분석 (Review of 2010 Major Medical Decisions)

  • 이정선;서영현;유현정
    • 의료법학
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.177-225
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    • 2011
  • Verdicts related to major medical litigation given by the Seoul Central District Court, the Seoul High Court and the Supreme Court in 2010 were analyzed. It's shown that in cases of the medical negligence regarding the occurrence of neonatal cerebral palsy, the plaintiff claims were dismissed using criteria proposed by associations of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics in US, and thereof the burden of plaintiffs to prove the medical negligence has increased. In addition, in case of that the expected survival period of infants gets longer, payments for treatment and nursing after survival period determined by judges are made and it was judged to compensate it as a periodical indemnity. In case for the explanation obligation the most frequently mentioned in the medical litigation, in addition to cases of invoking the existing theory of explanation obligation, verdicts to mention the instructions of theory regarding instruction explanation obligation and the possibility of compensation for damages on property are given. Particularly, in cases for a liability of reparation by exaggerating the effects and not disclosing the risks related to treatment with stem cells, even if the treatment not approved by Food and Drug Administration is in violation of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, it's not illegal as violation in Pharmaceutical Affairs Law itself. But there is a certain verdict to present the possibility of an extension of the theory of explanation obligation by acknowledging the liability of reparation caused by illegal acts with no explanations of effects and risks of treatment with stem cell by doctors and pharmaceutical companies. In an incident in which a mental patient fell and died through the opened door of the roof at the hospital, a liability of reparation was acknowledged due to defects in structure installation management and this verdict drew an attention since the overall management responsibility about patients including structures was acknowledged to the hospital besides the obligations on medical practice. In case of the verdict without giving the opportunity to state the opinion with respect to the main legal issues, the responsibility of the court was emphasized since the court did not fulfill the explanation obligations. There were some cases in which payments for nursing and caring to a patient in vegetative state during the plastic surgery was admitted. However, in dental-related incidents, the proportion of cases in which plaintiff won was low since the difficulty of proving may be reflected. In the area of administrative litigation, unlike the existing position regarding arbitrary medical charge cover collected from patients in hospital, the verdict to admit the legitimacy of collection of medical treatment was given and attracted the attention of people. Verdict in which the expression related to medical advertisement was not exaggerated disposed the original verdict and pointed out the problem of excessive regulations on medical advertisement. The effort to analyze the trend of verdicts of court through reviewing the decisions and to organize should be continued, but the full decision should be disclosed as a base, and people and systems to enable the all time monitoring should be prepared.

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영국 해상보험법상 담보(warranty)에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Rule of Warranty in the English Law of Marine Insurance)

  • 신건훈
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제42권
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    • pp.275-305
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    • 2009
  • Marine insurance contracts, which intended to provide indemnity against marine risks upon the payment of price, known as a premium, originated in Northern Italy in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. The law and practice were later introduced into England through the Continent. It is, therefore, quite exact that English and European marine insurance law have common roots. Nevertheless, significant divergences between English and European insurance systems occurred since the late 17th century, mainly due to different approaches adopted by English courts. The rule of warranty in English marine insurance was developed and clarified in the second part of the 18th century by Lord Mansfield, who laid the foundations of the modern English law of marine insurance, and developed different approaches, especially in the field of warranty in marine insurance law. Since the age of Lord Mansfield, English marine insurance law has a unique rule on warranty. This article is, therefore, designed to analyse the overall rule of the rule of warranty in English marine insurance law. The result of analysis are as following. First, warranties are incorporated to serve a very significant function in the law of insurance, that is, confining or determining the scope of the cover agreed by the insurer. From the insurer's point of view, such the function of warranties is crucial, because his liability, agreed on the contract of insurance, largely depend on in, and the warranties, incorporated in the contract play an essential role in assessing the risk. If the warranty is breached, the risk initially agreed is altered and that serves the reason why the insurer is allowed to discharge automatically further liability from the date of breach. Secondly, the term 'warranty' is used to describe a term of the contract in general and insurance contract law, but the breach of which affords different remedies between general contract law and insurance contract law. Thirdly, a express warranty may be in any form of words from which the intention to warrant is to be inferred. An express warranty must be included in, or written upon, the policy, or must be contained in some document incorporated by reference into the policy. It does not matter how this is done. Fourthly, a warranty is a condition precedent to the insurer's liability on the contract, and, therefore, once broken, the insurer automatically ceases to be liable. If the breach pre-dates the attachment of risk, the insurer will never put on risk, whereas if the breach occurs after inception of risk, the insurer remains liable for any losses within the scope of the policy, but has no liability for any subsequent losses. Finally, the requirements on the warranty must be determined in according to the rule of strict construction. As results, it is irrelevant: the reason that a certain warranty is introduced into the contract, whether the warranty is material to the insurer's decision to accept the contract, whether or not the warranty is irrelevant to the risk or a loss, the extent of compliance, that is, whether the requirements on the warranty is complied exactly or substantially, the unreasonableness or hardship of the rule of strict construction, and whether a breach of warranty has been remedied, and the warranty complied with, before loss.

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