• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.173-177
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• 2006

From the viewpoint of coastal hydrodynamics, one of the most important effects of global warming is a sea-level rise in coastal areas. In the present study, impacts on port facilities against sea-level rise were investigated. The sea-level rise causes the increase of the water depth, and it generates variations on the wave height, buoyancy, tidal system and nearshore current system and so on. The increase of water depth gives rise to the decrease of crown height of the structure and it causes increase of wave overtopping quantity. It may flood the port zone and its facilities, and may decrease harbor tranquility. It also leads to difficulties on navigation, mooring and loading/unloading at the port. Increase in water depth also causes increase of wave height in surf zone. This high wave makes structures unstable and may cause them to collapse during storm. In addition, increase in buoyant force due to sea-level rise also makes the gravity type structures unstable. Consequently, theses variations due to sea-level rise will cause functional deterioration of port facilities. In order to protect port facilities from the functional deterioration, reinforcement plan is required such as raising the crown height and increase in block weight and so on. Hence proper estimation method for the protection cost is necessary in order to protect port facilities efficiently. Moreover response strategies and integrated coastal zone management plan is required to maintain the function of port facilities. A simple estimation of cost for breakwaters in Korea was performed in the present study.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 1994

In order to estimate the detection range of a active SONAR system, the SONAR equation is commonly used. In this paper, an algorithm to calculate detection range in active SONAR system as function of SONAR depth and target depth is presented. For given SONAR parameters and environment, the transmission loss and background level are found, signal excess is computed. Using log-normal distribution, signal excess is converted to detection probability at each range. Then, the detection range is obtained by integrating the detection probability as function of range for each depth. The proposed algorithm have been applied to the case of omni-directional source with center frequency 30Hz for summer and winter sound profiles. It is found that the optimal search depth is the source depth since the detection range increase at source depth where the signal excess is maximized.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2015

Background: In 2006, three farmers died at the bottom of an agricultural shallow well where the atmosphere contained only 6% oxygen. This study aimed to document the variability of levels of oxygen and selected hazardous gases in the atmosphere of wells, and to identify ambient conditions associated with the low-oxygen situation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey, conducted in June 2007 and July 2007, measured the levels of oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and explosive gas (percentage of lower explosive limit) at different depths of the atmosphere inside 253 wells in Kamphaengphet and Phitsanulok provinces. Ambient conditions and well use by farmers were recorded. Carbon dioxide was measured in a subset of wells. Variables independently associated with low-oxygen condition (<19.5%) were identified using multivariate logistic regression. Results: One in five agricultural shallow wells had a low-oxygen status, with oxygen concentration decreasing with increasing depth within the well. The deepest-depth oxygen reading ranged from 0.0% to 20.9%. Low levels of other hazardous gases were detected in a small number of wells. The low-oxygen status was independently associated with the depth of the atmosphere column to the water surface [odds ratio (OR) = 13.5 for 8-11 m vs. <6 m], depth of water (OR = 0.17 for 3-<8 m vs. 0-1 m), well cover (OR = 3.95), time elapsed since the last rainfall (OR = 7.44 for >2 days vs. <1 day), and location of well in sandy soil (OR = 3.72). Among 11 wells tested, carbon dioxide was detected in high concentration (>25,000 ppm) in seven wells with a low oxygen level. Conclusion: Oxygen concentrations in the wells vary widely even within a small area and decrease with increasing depth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1785-1793
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• 2008

Fifty-four PIC barrows were used to evaluate the effects of lower dietary lysine content and energy level on carcass characteristics and meat quality in slaughter pigs. Pigs were allotted to one of three treatments by body weight with six replicate pens in each treatment. The dietary treatments for body weights of 20-50 kg, 50-80 kg and 80-90 kg were as follows, respectively: control diet (digestible energy 14.22 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.67 g/MJ, 0.53 g/MJ and 0.42 g/MJ); a low lysine group (digestible energy 14.22 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.49, 0.38 and 0.30 g/MJ); and a low lysine-low energy group or low nutrient group (digestible energy 13.11 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.49, 0.38 and 0.30 g/MJ). The daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were calculated in the overall growth period (nearly 12 weeks). Meanwhile, carcass characteristics and meat quality were evaluated at 60 and 90 kg body weight respectively. During the overall growth trial, lowering dietary lysine and nutrient level both decreased weight gain (p<0.05) and feed efficiency (p<0.01). At 60 kg body weight, decreasing dietary lysine and nutrient level noticeably decreased dressing percentage (p<0.01) and back fat depth at last rib of PIC pigs (p<0.01), but enhanced marbling scores (p<0.10), intramuscular fat content (p<0.10) and water loss rate (p<0.01) of the longissimus dorsi muscle. At 90 kg body weight, lean percentage (p<0.01) was evidently reduced by both lowering lysine content and nutrient level in the diet. However, the shoulder back fat depth (p<0.05) and marbling scores of the loin eye muscle (p<0.05) were increased; Lowering dietary nutrient level could improve back fat depth of 10th rib (p<0.01) and last rib (p<0.01), intramuscular fat content (p<0.10), redness (p<0.01) and water loss rate of the loin eye muscle (p<0.05), but decrease loin area (p<0.05). Finally, when comparing the 60 kg and 90 kg slaughter weights, it was found that the shoulder back fat depth (p<0.01, p<0.10), 6th-7th rib (p<0.01, p<0.01), 10th-rib (p<0.01, p<0.01) and last rib back fat depth (p<0.01, p<0.01) of the low lysine and low nutrient group were all obviously increased comparing with the control group. Taken together, the results showed that decreasing dietary lysine content and nutrient level increased intramuscular fat content and water loss rate of longissimus dorsi muscle; On the other hand, both lowering dietary lysine and nutrient level markedly compensated to increase back fat deposition in the later finishing period (body weight from 60 to 90 kg) in contrast to the control group.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2013

PURPOSES: This study is to evaluate a ground water level effect on frost heaving in road pavements. METHODS: The effects of water table on frost heaving in pavement systems were evaluated from the mechanical analysis using FROST program. The input parameters and boundary conditions were determined by considering climates, pavement sections, and material properties specially subgrade soil types in Korea. RESULTS: When the water table located above the freezing depth, amount of frost heaving caused by freezing the water in pavement itself was big enough to damage in pavement system, although pavement system consists of fully non-frost-susceptible materials with sufficient thickness of anti-freezing layer. The amount of frost heaving was decreased rapidly with increasing the distance between the water table and freezing depth. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that there is no engineering problems related with frost heaving in practical sense when the distance between freezing depth and water table is over 1.5m for having subgrade soils less than 50% of #200 sieve passing to meet specification on quality control in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2002

Introduction : It is essential to input patients external contour in 3D treatment plan. We would like to see changes in depth and dose when 3D RTP is operating auto contouring when windows value (Width/Level) differs in this process. Material & Methode : We have analyzed the results with 3D RTP after CT Scanning with round CT Phantom. We have compared and analyzed MU values according to depth changes to Isocenter changing external contour and inputting random Window value. We have watched change values according to dose optimization in 4 directions(LAO, LPO, RAO, RPO), We plan 100 case for exact analyzation. We have results changing window value random to each beam in 100 cans. Result : It showed change between minimum and maximum value in 4 beam is Depth 0.26mm, MU $1.2\%$ in LAO. It showed LPO-Depth 0.13mm, MU $0.9\%$, RAO-Depth 0.2mm MU $0.8\%$, RPO-Depth 0.27mm, MU $1.1\%$ Conclusion : Maximum change in depth 0.27 mm, MU error rate is $0.12\%$ according to Window change. As we can see in these results, it seems Window value change doesn't effect in treatment. However, it seems there needs to select appropriate Window value in precise treatment.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.193-221
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• 2007

This study explored the efficient hierarchical data structure of mobile interfaces. The first experiment demonstrated the effects of grouping(clear/unclear), depth level(2/3/5), and the number of items(32/64/128) on the search time and the number of errors. The results indicated that participants spent less time and made fewer errors to perform the task when the clear mobile interfaces, low depth level, and fewer items were provided. In addition, the results indicated that there were no effects of the depth level and the number of items on the search time and number of errors in clear mobile interfaces conditions. As depth level and the number of items changed, on the other hand, participants spent longer time to complete the task and made more mistakes in unclear mobile interfaces conditions. The second experiment investigated the effects of grouping(clear/unclear), the number of items(32/64/128), and spacial cues(colors/ windows/ number of cues) on search time and the number of errors in hierarchical data structures which had five depth levels. The results indicated that participants spent less time to complete the task and made less errors in a mobile interface when grouping is clear and the number of items are fewer. The results were identical with the first experiments. In addition, the main effect of spacial cues indicated that providing spacial cues via pictures and numbers can be helpful to reduce errors in search behaviors.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.184-189
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of root planing on the reduction of probing pocket depth and the gain of clinical attachment depending on the pattern of bone resorption (vertical versus horizontal bone loss) in the interproximal aspect of premolar teeth that showed an initial probing pocket depth of 4-6 mm. Methods: In this study, we analyzed 68 teeth (15 from the maxilla and 53 from the mandible) from 32 patients with chronic periodontitis (17 men and 15 women; mean age, 53.6 years). The probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level at all six sites around each tooth were recorded before treatment to establish a baseline value, and then three months and six months after root planing. Results: The reduction in interdental pocket depth was 1.1 mm in teeth that experienced horizontal bone loss and 0.7 mm in teeth that experienced vertical bone loss. Interdental attachment was increased by 1.0 mm in teeth with horizontal bone loss and by 0.7 mm in teeth with vertical bone loss. The reduction of probing pocket depth and the gain of clinical attachment occurred regardless of defect patterns three and six months after root planing. Conclusions: The reduction of pocket depth and gain in the clinical attachment level were significantly larger in horizontally patterned interproximal bone defects than in vertical bone defects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.489-499
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• 2001

Bone graft and guided tissue regeneration have been used for the regeneration of periodontal tissue which is the ultimate goal of periodontal treatment. Recently, it was reported that some kind of growth factors were used for regeneration. Platelet rich plasma was researched that it could increase the density of bone and the rate of bone regeneration. For that, 25 patients which have pocket depth more than 5mm at any of 6 surfaces, of healthy patient without any systemic disease were treated. $Biogran^{?}$ Were grafted into 14 infrabony pockets as controls, and $Biogran^{(R)}$ with PRP were inserted into 31 infrabony pockets. And then, follwing evaluations were made at the end of 1, 3 and 6 months. 1. There was no statistical difference between control and experimental group in pocket depth, gingival recession, minimum probing attachment level and maximum probing attachment level at preoperation(p>0.05). 2. Decrease in probing pocket depth were reduced to 3.32mm for experimental group and 2.71mm for control group. The decrease was evident at the end of 1 month, they were 2.97mm and 2.29mm,and it was statistically difference(p<0.05). 3. Gingival recession was increased by 0.55mm in experimental group and 0.50mm in control group, it was evident at the end of 1 month. And it was statistically difference(p<0.05). 4. Minimum probing attachment level was increased by 0.35mm in experimental group and 0.36mm in control group, it was statistically difference(p<0.05). 5. Maximum probing attachment level was decreased by 3.19mm in experimental group and 2.93mm in control group, it was statistically difference(p<0.05). 6. There was no statistical difference between control and experimental group in pocket depth, gingival recession, minimum probing attachment level and maximum probing attachment level(p>0.05). There was statistical difference in decrease of pocket depth between pre-operation and 1 month after post-operation(p<0.05). In conclusion, bone graft using $Biogran^{?}$ and bone graft using $Biogran^{?}$ With platelet rich plasma were both effective in treatment of infrabony pocket, bone graft using $Biogran^{?}$ With platelet rich plasma was more effective in early soft tissue healing.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.794-802
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• 2022

The recovery of reasonable depth information from different scenes is a popular topic in the field of computer vision. For generating depth maps with better details, we present an efficacious monocular depth prediction framework with coordinate attention and feature fusion. Specifically, the proposed framework contains attention, multi-scale and feature fusion modules. The attention module improves features based on coordinate attention to enhance the predicted effect, whereas the multi-scale module integrates useful low- and high-level contextual features with higher resolution. Moreover, we developed a feature fusion module to combine the heterogeneous features to generate high-quality depth outputs. We also designed a hybrid loss function that measures prediction errors from the perspective of depth and scale-invariant gradients, which contribute to preserving rich details. We conducted the experiments on public RGBD datasets, and the evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can considerably enhance the accuracy of depth prediction, achieving 0.051 for log10 and 0.992 for δ<1.25³ on the NYUv2 dataset.