• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.119-130
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• 1993

본 시험은 Sprague-Dawley 계통 흰쥐 수컷에게 지방의 종류와 식이급여 횟수를 달리하면서 급여하였을 때 성장 및 지방대사에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 4종류의 지방(팜유, 우지, 대두유 및 경화대두유) 및 2종류의 식이급여형태(ad-libitum, 4$\times$meal feeding)를 달리하여 4$\times$2 요인시험으로 실시하였다. 4주간 시험식이를 ad-libitum(AL)군은 식이를 제한없이 자유롭게 섭취하도록 하였으며, meal feeding(MF)군은 1일 1회 즉, 09:00~12:00까지만 식이를 제한없이 급여하였다. 사양시험 종료후 간조직에서의 콜레스테롤합성 능력을 알아보기 위해 흰쥐의 간조직을 채취하여 in vitro 배양 시험을 실시하였다. 또한 간과 지방조직에서의 지방합성 및 분해 능력을 알아보기 위해 사양시험이 끝난 흰쥐의 간과 지방조직을 채위하여 in vitro 세포배양에서의 지방합성 능력과 지방분해 능력을 측정하였다. 본 시험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 성장하는 흰쥐의 증체량, 식이섭취량 및 식이효율은 AS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil)군이 다른군에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향은 받지 않고, 식이급여형태에 의한 차이를 보여 MF군이 AL군에 비해 식이섭취량이 감소하였고, 중체량도 60%정도로 유의성있게(p<0.05)감소했다. 2) 간조직의 콜레스테롤합성 능력은 식이급여형태에 의한 차이를 보여 MF군이 AL군에 비해 간조직의 콜레스테롤합성 능력이 증가되는 경향을 (p<0.001) 보였는데 특히 불포화도가 높은 대두유군에서 유의성있게(p<0.05) 증가되었다. 3) 간조직의 in vitro 지방합성 능력은 MP(meal feeding+palm oil)군이 AP(ad-libitum+palm oil)군보다, MHS(meal feeding+hydrogenated soybean oil)군이 AHS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil)군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가했고, AB(ad-libium+beef tallow)군과 MB(meal feeding+beef tallow)군에서 지방합성 능력이 현저하게 증가되는 경향을(p<0.05)보였다. 식이급여형태나 식이지방의 종류에 대한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 간조직에서의 in virto 지방분해 능력은 MF군이 AL군에 비해 유의하게(P<0.001) 증가했고, 식이지방의 종류에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 4) 지방조의 in vitro 시험에 의하면 MF식이가 AL식이에 비해 지방합성 능력이 유의성있게(p<0.05) 증가하였으나, 지방분해 능력은 저하되었다(p<0.001). 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향을 받아 우지군이 다른 지방군에 비해 지방합성 능력이 유의성있게(p<0.001) 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 지방분해 능력은 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2021

본 연구는 국내 고유종인 한우에서 1) 농후사료 급여 후 조사료 급여, 2) 조사료 급여 후 농후사료 급여, 3) TMR 급여의 총 세 가지 형태의 사료급여가 반추위 발효성상, 총 가스 및 메탄 발생량에 미치는 영향을 in vitro로 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 사료 급여 형태에 따라 반추위 환경이 변화할 것으로 가설을 세우고, 옥수수 (M)와 티모시 (T)를 기질로 하여 반추위액의 24시간 in vitro 배양을 실시하였다. 따라서 시험 처리구는 총 6개로 구성되었다: M1, M2, M3, T1, T2, T3. 반추위 pH는 사료 급여방식 2에서 다른 처리구보다 높았고 (P < 0.001), 티모시 기질에서 옥수수 기질보다 높았다 (P < 0.001). 휘발성 지방산 (VFA; volatile fatty acid) 조사항목들 (Total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate)은 사료 급여방식 1에서 가장 높았고 급여방식 2에서 가장 낮았으며 (P < 0.001), 옥수수 기질에서 더 많이 생산되었다 (P < 0.001). 반추위액 내 acetate:propionate 비율은 사료 급여방식에 따른 효과는 없었으나 (P = 0.116), 티모시 기질이 옥수수 기질보다 더 높은 값을 나타냈다 (P < 0.001). 암모니아태 질소 (NH₃-N)는 사료 급여방식 1에서 다른 처리구보다 높았으며(P < 0.001), 티모시 기질에서 높은 수치를 보였다 (P < 0.001). 총 가스 및 메탄가스 발생량은 사료 급여방식 1에서 가장 높았고(P < 0.001), 옥수수 기질에서 더 많이 생산되었다 (P < 0.001). 메탄은 이산화탄소의 20배 이상의 지구온난화효과를 갖는 것으로 알려져 있고, 반추가축이 섭취한 에너지의 손실로 작용하고 있어 장내발효 메탄 발생량을 저감하는 것은 매우 중요한 과제라 할 수 있다. 반추가축에서 사료급여 방식에 따른 메탄 발생량 차이에 대한 결론을 얻기 위해서는 보다 다각적인 형태의 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.27-43
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AI on AD induced by DNCB in mice. AI has antiallergic property that is useful in treating allergy-related-diseases, such as asthma, anaphylactic shock, acute bronchitis and skin diseases, skin pruritus from gastrointestinal diseases. However, AI has not been studied intensively yet regarding anti-inflammatory effect on AD. Therefore, this study was conducted on 2,4-dinitrochlorobezene (DNCB)-induced mice to investigate effects of AI in AD. Methods In the experiment, we divided mice into four groups: a normal group (NOR), a control group (CON), an AI spread group (AI spread), and an AI spread and feeding group (AI spread & feeding). Then examined the changes in the body weight, weights of spleen and ear, thickness of dorsum skin and ear skin, clinical aspects on dorsum skin, historical assessments, proliferation of splenocytes in vitro and in vivo, and cytokine (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-10). Results From the experiment, the ear weight of AI spread & feeding group was significantly dropped and the ear thickness of both AI spread and AI spread & feeding were decreased significantly. Dorsum skin thickness was also decreased significantly in both AI spread and AI spread & feeding group. Also, AI treatment improved the symptoms of AD, such as coloration, erythema and desquamation and had a better effect on AI spread & feeding group. In histopathological observation, thickened epidermis, hyperkeratosis, pigmentation, hypergranulosis, parakeratosis were diminished as well in both AI spread and AI spread & feeding group. In vitro, we could observe when AI was increased as proliferation rate of splenocytes were increased, too. Conclusions In conclusion, these data suggest that AI can decrease symptoms of AD and show AI can be useful herbal therapy for AD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1598-1603
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate kenaf as a roughage source in vitro and its effects on meat quality of Hanwoo (Korean native) cattle. Methods: Three roughage materials, rice straw silage, ryegrass silage, and kenaf silage, were tested in a batch culture and feeding trial. Rumen fermentation parameters, including gas, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and ammonia were analyzed. In the feeding trial, Hanwoo steers ($373.5{\pm}5.1kg$, n = 36, 11 month of age) were divided into three feeding groups (n = 12 each). Animals were fed with each silage and concentrate until the fattening stage. Results: Crude protein, ether extract, and non-structural carbohydrates were greater in kenaf silage. Total gas production was higher in ryegrass silage, followed by kenaf silage and rice straw silage (p<0.05). Total VFA and individual VFA (acetate, propionate, and n-butyrate) were greater in kenaf silage than rice straw silage (p<0.05). In vitro dry matter digestibility showed a similar trend to that of total gas and VFA production; it was higher in ryegrass silage and lower in rice straw (p<0.05). Throughout the feeding trial, the rice straw silage group showed significantly greater average daily gain than did the others (p<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in the group fed kenaf silage was significantly greater than that of others (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in yield or quality traits, including carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat thickness, and scores for marbling, meat color, and fat color (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that no negative effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics occurred across treatments. Therefore, kenaf could be substituted for rice straw, which is most widely used as a roughage source in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.103-112
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• 1994

This study was a sequential experiment consisting if feeding trial and in vitro culture studies. Feeding was conducted by $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design with two cimaterol levels (0, 0.25 mg/kg), two energy levels (3,200, 2,900 ME kcal/kg) and two sexes. In starting period (0-21 days) broilers were fed diets containing two energy level without dietary supplementation of cimaterol. During finishing period (21-42 days) cimaterol groups were fed cimaterol supplemented diets. In vitro cultures were carried out to study the cellular metabolism of protein and fat in liver and adipose tissues prepared from chicks used in feeding trials. Body weight gain was significantly improved by the administration of cimaterol to experimental diets by 2.4% (p < 0.05). Feed intake was reduced by cimaterol administration at the high energy level, but this trend was reversed at low energy level. Feed efficiency was improved by cimaterol administration and at high energy level the difference (5.7%) was significant(p < 0.05). The administration of cimaterol had no effects on percentage of abdominal fat content, giblet and neck. There was little difference in carcass yield between control and cimaterol treated group. The administration of cimaterol had no effects on nutrient metabolizability or carcass composition. The results of in vitro studies with liver tissues showed that cimaterol increased the lipolytic activities (p < 0.05) and decreased lipogenic activities (p < 0.05). In in vitro studies with acinar cell of liver tissues. cimaterol increased the amount of retained protein and decreased secreted protein at high energy level. but the trend was opposite at low energy level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1721-1728
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• 2007

An in vitro and a feeding trial were conducted to investigate the effect of xylanase supplementation on the feeding value of growing pig diets containing high proportions of Chinese double-low rapeseed meals (DLRM). Seven diets were formulated to meet NRC (1998) nutrient requirements. Diet 1 based on corn-soybean meal was used as positive control 1, and diet 2, a practical diet which incorporated a conventional level of Chinese DLRM (60 g/kg diet), as positive control 2. Diet 3 contained a higher level of DLRM (100 g/kg diet) as the negative control. Diet 3 plus xylanase at 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.70 g/kg diet created diets 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively. The seven diets were incubated in triplicate with the in vitro two-stage enzyme incubation method to predict responses of diets to xylanase in terms of digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). In vitro, the negative control had the lowest CP and NDF digestibility. Both DM and CP digestibility were increased (p<0.05) owing to xylanase supplementation either at 0.50 or 0.70 g/kg diet, and NDF digestibility was improved following xylanase addition at all of the test levels. There was a high linear correlation ($r^2>90$, p<0.05) between the activity concentration of the enzyme when transformed into its logarithmic value and in vitro digestibility coefficients of DM, CP or NDF. In the feeding trial, 112 crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments with 16 replicate pens of one pig each. An obvious dose effect on growth rate was observed ($r^2=0.79$, p<0.05) within the inclusion levels of xylanase. Compared with the negative control, xylanase addition at 0.70 g/kg diet resulted in significantly increased ADG (878 g/d vs. 828 g/d, p<0.05), and a tendency towards improved growth rate (868 g/d vs. 828 g/d, p = 0.10) was also observed following the inclusion of xylanase at 0.50 g/kg diet. It would appear that the nutrient utilization of corn and Chinese DLRM diets by pigs could be enhanced by an appropriate amount of xylanase addition. The in vitro and in vivo results suggested that the in vitro incubation method is feasible for predicting responses of pigs to exogenous enzymes and identifying those preparations that possess potential for improvement of the nutritive values of feedstuffs.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.565-570
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• 2012

We recently reported that a water extract of laurel or turmeric, 1,8-cineole enriched fractions, showed hypolipidemic activity in the zebrafish model. Therefore, the present study investigated the cineole's anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in lipoprotein metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Cineole had inhibitory effects on cupric ion-mediated oxidation of lipoproteins in general, while simultaneously enhancing ferric ion removal ability in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Hypercholesterolemia was induced in zebrafish using cholesterol-feeding treatment, 4% cholesterol, for 3 weeks. After feeding with or without the addition of cineole, the results revealed that cineole possessed lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory activities in hypercholesterolemic zebrafish. In addition, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 levels were lowered and lipid accumulation was decreased in the liver. Conclusively, 1,8-cineole was found to have anti-oxidant activities in lipoprotein metabolism both in vitro and in vivo with simultaneous reduction of lipid accumulation in the liver of zebrafish.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2010

5가지 생약재로부터 얻어낸 열수추출물을 대상으로 시험관(in-vitro) 실험을 통하여 어류병원체에 대한 항세균, 항곰팡이, 항기생충 효과를 검토하였다. 황금의 효과가 가장 두드러졌으며, 황금의 열수추출물을 사료에 흡수시켜 넙치에 급여하고 4, 8, 12주 후에 다양한 생리학적 반응과 세균성질병(Edwardsiellosis, Streptococosis)에 대한 예방효과를 조사한 결과, 성장효과에 대한 변화 이외의 뚜렷한 생리학적변화는 나타나지 않았으며, 두 가지 세균성 질병에 대한 예방효과도 확인되지 않았다. 따라서 이 후 추가적인 조사 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2015

Cocoa pod is among the by-products of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations. The aim of this study was to apply a number of treatments in order to improve nutritional quality of cocoa pod for feeding of ruminants. Cocoa pod was subjected to different treatments, i.e. C (cocoa pod without any treatment or control), CAm (cocoa pod+1.5% urea), CMo (cocoa pod+3% molasses), CRu (cocoa pod+3% rumen content) and CPh (cocoa pod+3% molasses+Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculum). Analysis of proximate and Van Soest's fiber fraction were performed on the respective treatments. The pods were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility evaluation by incubation in rumen fluid-buffer medium, employing a randomized complete block design (n = 3 replicates). Further, an in vivo evaluation of the pods (35% inclusion level in total mixed ration) was conducted by feeding to young Holstein steers (average body weight of $145{\pm}3.6kg$) with a $5{\times}5$ latin square design arrangement (n = 5 replicates). Each experimental period lasted for 30 d; the first 20 d was for feed adaptation, the next 3 d was for sampling of rumen liquid, and the last 7 d was for measurements of digestibility and N balance. Results revealed that lignin content was reduced significantly when cocoa pod was treated with urea, molasses, rumen content or P. chrysosporium (p<0.01) with the following order of effectiveness: CPh>CAm>CRu>CMo. Among all treatments, CAm and CPh treatments significantly improved the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05) of cocoa pod. Average daily gain of steers receiving CAm or CPh treatment was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.01) with an increase of 105% and 92%, respectively. Such higher daily gain was concomitant with higher N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake in CAm and CPh treatments than those of control (p<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that treatment with either urea or P. chrysosporium is effective in improving the nutritive value of cocoa pod.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1988

A Study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Lactobacillus casei YS on the growing performance and gastrointestinal flora of the suckling piglets, which were delivered from 2 heads of three-way crossbred(Landrace$\times$Large White$\times$Duroc) pigs, for 4 weeks. The results from the present study was summarized as follows. Average body weight gains of feeding group was slightly better than that of control group and diarrhea was prevented by successive 7 days feeding. Population levels of lactic acid bacteria were maintained about 107 colony forming unit(cfu) per gram of the contents in both feeding and control group at upper parts of small intestine. In this part, coliform count was greatly reduced in (ceding group but not in control group. pH values of the intestinal contents were gradually decreased especially at the upper part of alimentary track of feeding group. Among lactic acid bacteria, L. salivarius, L. cases and L. fermentum were found most predominant strains in feeding group, Wheareas L. salivarius, L. acidophilus and L. cunts in control group. In the other hand, Escherichia coli recovered from scouring pigs were resistant to the drug such as streptomycin, ampicillin and sensitive to gentamycin and neomycin in vitro test.