• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 1994

This study was conducted to examine the condition of in vitro culture system and the viability after embryo transfer of in vitro matured-in vitro fertilized (IVM-IVF) bovine embryos. The in vitro development to the blastocyst stage was enhanced by supplying bovine serum albumin(BSA) to co-culture medium with bovine oviduct epithelial tissue(BOET) compared with that in medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum(FBS) (41.2% vs. 26. 3%, P<0.05). After transfer of IVM-IVF blastocysts into the uterine horn of recipient females (Aberdeen Angus), one was pregnant to term and produced a head of male Korean native calf. These results confirm that the in vitro development of IVM-IVF bovine embryos is affected with different protein source in co-culture with BOET, and IVM-IVF embryos can develop to term after in vitro culture and embryo transfer.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 1995

Production of calves after transfer of nuclear transplant embryos is the latest technology to be applied in commercial livestock breeding. The objective of this study was to establish an efficient procedure to produce offsprings from nuclear transplant embryos. The fusion rates (72.7% vs. 80.8%), cleavage rates (62.5% vs. 71.4%) and rates of development in vitro (12.0% vs. 15.2%) of nuclear transplant embryos were not significantly different between 30 and 40h maturation age of cytoplast. The in vivo and in vitro-derived embryos as nuclei donor were used in this system of bovine nuclear transplantation. Fusion rates of nuclear transplant embryos were not significantly different between in vivo and in vitro-derived embryos (73.0 and 79.2%, respectively). The percentage of embryos reaching the morulae or blastocysts were 21.8% for in vivo-derived embryos and 11.9% for in vitro-derived embryos (p<0.01). Pregnancy rates after embryo transfer of nuclear transplant embryos were not significantly different between in vivo and in vitro-derived embryos (45.9 and 40.5%, respectively). However, calving rates after embryo transfer of nuclear transplant embryos were significantly higher in the in vivo-derived embryos than in vitro (p<0.01). Further research for age of cytoplast and use of in vitro-derived embryos as nuclei donor is required in this system. In conclusion, these results clearly show that the use of in vitro-derived oocytes as recipient cytoplast can improve the nuclear transplant system for genetic progress in cattle.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1986

While the technique of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer has been proven undoutedly, it is for from reaching a consensus on the legal implication. Legal authority regarding clinical therapeutic In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer is, for all practical purpose, nonexistant. In this paper, it is discussed existing regulation dealing with In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer and related areas i.e. the regulation related medical technologies, the use of donor sperm, donor eggs, surrogate uteri, multiple pregnancy, miscarriages, extra embryos, the technique of cryopreservation. The legality of embryo donation, the responsibility for embryo preservation or destruction and the legal status of the embryos are surveyed. Finally the various legal theories that may give rise to physician liability in connection with clinical In Vitro Fertilization are also reviewed.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2012

Biotechnologies for cloning animals and in vitro embryo production have the potential to produce biomedical models for various researches. Especially, pigs are a suitable model for xenotransplantation, transgenic production and various areas of reproductive research due to its physiological similarities to human. However, utilization of in vitro-produced embryos for transfer remains limited. Despite improvement over past few decades, obstacles associated with the production of good quality embryos in vitro still exist which limit the efficiency of cloning. One of major problems includes improper in vitro maturation (IVM) and culture (IVC). Oxidative stress caused from in vitro culture conditions contributes to inadequate IVM and IVC which leads to poor developmental competence of oocytes, failure of fertilization and embryo development. To reduce the oxidative stress, various antioxidants have been used to IVM and IVC system. However, limited information is available on the effects of resveratrol on livestock reproductions. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic natural product and well known as an antioxidant in foods and beverages (e.g. in grapes and red wine). Resveratrol is known to be cardioprotective, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic. This paper will review the effects of resveratrol on in vitro maturation of oocytes and embryo development.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1990

The technique for maturation of follicular oocyte has been devised to provide such a low cost and in ptentifut number supply of bovine embryo. Some of problems concerning production of bovine embtyo in vitro were discussed in this paper. Bovine follicular oocytes cultured in vitro achieved normal fertilization but cleavage rates to blastocyst were low compared to the oocyte matured in vivo. It has been concluded that a deficient cytoplasmic maturation occurs in the oocytes matured in vitro. These results indicate that the studies for maturation of bovine follicular oocytes in vitro need improvement of culture conditions and to define the characteristics that might be indicative of healthy oocyte.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.45-55
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• 1990

The in-vitro fertilization in human clinic and animal reproduction is a very important technique but the rate of success is still low. When the in-vitro fertilization and culture of gametes or embryos were done under the condition which Hema hydrogel chamber were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mouse, the in-vitro fertilization and development of embryos could be significantly improved and the cell-block under in-vitro culture could be overcome. Also, the Rema hydrogel chamber was very useful for the protection of isolated blastomeres. It is concluded that the polymerized Hema (pHema) hydrogel chamber may be effectively used in the fields of embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2011

In this study, we examined the effectiveness of in vitro fertilization of porcine immature oocytes on the embryo development of blastocysts or hatched blastocysts and the number of cells according to the in vitro fertilization conditions. In the in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured porcine oocytes, there were no significant differences between treatment groups regarding fertilization rate, blastocyst rate, and embryo development of hatched blastocysts according to the storage periods of liquid sperm of 24, 48, and 72 hours. The embryo development rate of hatched blastocysts after the fertilization according to different spermatozoa concentrations ($0.4{\times}10^5$, $1.2{\times}10^5$, and $3.6{\times}10^5$ cells/ml) showed the highest rate in the group with a spermatozoa concentration of $1.2{\times}10^5$ cells/ml; in particular, this rate was significantly higher than that in the $0.4{\times}10^5$ cells/ml group (p<0.05). The total number of blastocysts cells as well as trophectoderms (TE) that developed in each treatment group were also significantly higher in the $1.2{\times}10^5$ cells/ml group than in any other groups (p<0.05). In contrast, the embryo development rate of blastocysts according to different co-incubation periods of sperm and oocyte (1, 3, and 6 hr) was high in the 6-hour group; in particular, the rate was significantly higher than that of the I-hour group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the total number of oocytes cells and TEs that developed was significantly higher in the 6-hour group than any other group (p<0.05). In this study, the most effective treatment conditions for porcine embryo development and high cell number were found to be as follows: a sperm storage period of less than 72 hours, a spermatozoa concentration of $1.2{\times}10^5$ cells/ml, and a 6-hour co-incubation period for sperm and ooocyte.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 1997

In vitro fertilization(IVF) derived morula and blastocyst embryos were bisected by a simple method and cultured in vitro without zona pellucida And also bisected embryos were frozen-thawed and cultured in vitro) to evaluate the survival rate. The results obtained were as follows : The average number of grade I or II immature follicular oocytes recovered by slicing method per ovary was 11.9 from 142 ovaries. Following in vitro fertilization, the rates of cleavage and in vitro development to morula and blatocyst were 61.7 and 32.2% respectively. The successful bisection rate of IVE embryos was 67.51%, and the embryos of blastocyst stage were bisected successfully at significantly(P

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.101-104
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• 1998

This study examined the effects of growth factors in TCM199 on bovine 1-cell embryos development in vitro. After 6 day to 11 day in culture, 15.8%(19/120), 15.3%(20/130), 21.8%(35/160), 27.0%(56/207), 26.3%(53/201) and 30.7%(40/130) of the 1-cell embryos developed into expanding blastocysts in su, pp.ementing TCM199 with control, insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, FGF and EGF, respectively. Hatching rate of 1-cell embryos in su, pp.ementing TCM199 with FGF, EGF and IGF-II were 21.4%(53/247), 20.3%(42/206) and 16.8%(41/243), respectively. The beneficial effect of growth factors on embryo development in vitro could be duplicated. These data indicate that the presence of FGF, EGF or IGF-II in the culture medium is beneficial for embryo development in vitro and accelerate cell differentiation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 1995

This study was performed to establish the condition and the methods for the techniques of insertion the isolated blastomere cells into cytoplasm, in order to research the develop-mental ability of bovine embryo blastomere cells in vitro produced. After 24h in vitro ovary maturation with the ovaries from a slaughter house, in vitro fertilization was performed to the vital sperms which their mobility were decided by percoll gradient method, with 2~8 cell stage embryos, the blastomeres were isolated in $Ca^2$+. $Mg^2$+-free PBS, and following that embedded into agar and alginate solution, respectively. The rates of in vitro develop-ment are as follows ; in agar embedded 11 among 120(9.2%) 1 /2~1 /3 blastomers cleaved and 6 among 93(6.5%) 1 /4~1 /8 blastomeres cleaved. In sodium alginate-embedded 14 among 84(16.7%) 1 /2~1 /3 blastomeres cleaved and 6 among 85(7.1%) 1 /4~1 /8 blastomeres cleaved. In case of Na-alginate, the rate of the cells were better than those of agar. The results suggest that the techniques for embeeding the isolated blastomeres into gel may help cloning of bovine early embryo without nuclear transplantation.