• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2007

The radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts of seaweeds and their active compounds, alginic acid, fucoidan and phloroglucinol, were investigated under in vitro. Among methanol extracts of seaweeds (sea mustard, sea tangle, seaweed papulosa, fusiforme, sea lettuce, purple laver and chlorella), seaweed papulosa and sea tangle showed strong scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical (${\cdot}OH$). In addition, under in vitro, the scavenging activities on DPPH radical of alginic acid and fucoidan, which are active compounds of brown algae, and phloroglucinol, the active compound from Ecklonia species, were evaluated and compared. Fucoidan and phloroglucinol showed strong DPPH scavenging effect, in particular, phloroglucinol had strongest activity among the active compounds. On the other hand, alginic acid did not exert DPPH scavenging activity. From the present study, we could confirm the antioxidative activity of seaweeds and its active compounds.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1992

These experiments were designed to investigate the effects of glycosaminoglycans(GAGs), which maybe produced by cumulus cells, on in vitro maturation process of bovine follicular oocytes. The rates of in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes were examined after incubating with the various concentrations of a hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, or heparin for 26 hours. The results obatained in these experiments were summarized as follows : 1. When the cumulus or removed oocytes treated with hyaluronic acid(200, 400, 800 and 1, 600$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml), the maturation rates of cumulus-removed oocytes were 48.6, 59.4, 68.4 and 61.3% respectively. Especially, at a concentration of 800$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, the maturation rates(68.8%) of cumulus-removed oocytes were slightly lower than that(78.3%) of cumulus-enclosed oocytes. However, the treatment of hyaluronic acid showed significantly higher maturation rates compared to that(48.4%) of control group of cumulus-removed oocytes(p<0.05). Therefore, these results suggest thate hyaluronic acid had a beneficial effect on maturation of bovine follicular oocytes. 2. The maturation rate of cumulus-free oocytes treated with chondroitin sulfate(200, 400, 800 and 1, 600$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) was 52.3, 56.1, 55.9 and 52.2% respectively. These rates were not different from those(52.9%) of control group. However, these rates in cumulus-free oocytes were significantly lower than that(79.0%) in cumulus-enclosed oocytes(p<0.01). Therefore, these results suggest that chondroitin sulfate do not affect on the maturation of oocytes. 3. In cumulus-free oocytes cultured with different heparin concentration, the maturation rates were ranged from 48.5 to 52.1%, showing no differencies from that(50.7%) of control group. However, these rates were significantly lower than 80.0% in cumulus-enlosed oocytes(p<0.01). 4. The nuclear maturaton of oocytes was increased by treatment of each of three glycosaminoglycans(hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin). In addition, the treatment of mixed together showed the significant additive effect. Hyaluronic acid was more effective than chondroitin sulfate and heparin were.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.376-380
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of temperature and pH on in vitro nutrient degradability, volatile fatty acid profile and methane production. The fermenter used was the semi-continuous system, known as the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Sixteen cylinders were used at one time with a volume of 800 ml, the dilution rate was set at 3.5%/hour, the infused buffer being McDougall's artificial saliva. Basal diet (9.6 g DM) used in RUSITEC consisted of (DM) 6.40 g Timothy hay, 1.86 g crushed corn and 1.34 g soybean meal. The food for the fermentation vessel was provided in nylon bags, which were gently agitated in the liquid phase. The experiment lasted for 17 d with all the samples taken during the last 5 d. Treatments were allocated at random to four vessels each and were (1) two temperature levels of $39^{\circ}C$ and $41^{\circ}C$ (2) two pH levels of 6.0 and 7.0. The total diet contained ($g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) 957 OM, 115 CP and $167MJ\;kg^{-1}$ (DM) GE. Although increase in temperature from $39^{\circ}C$ to $41^{\circ}C$ reduced degradation of major nutrients in vitro, it was non-significant. Interaction effect of temperature with pH also reflected a similar trend. However, pH showed a significant (p<0.05) negative effect on the degradability of all the nutrients in vitro. Altering the in vitro pH from 7 to 6 caused marked reduction in DMD from 60.2 to 41.8, CPD from 76.3 to 55.3 and GED from 55.3 to 35.1, respectively. Low pH (6) depressed total VFA production (61.9 vs. 34.9 mM) as well as acetate to propionate ratio in vitro (from 2.0 to 1.5) when compared to pH 7. Compared to pH 7, total gas production decreased from 1,841 ml to 1,148 ml at pH 6, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ production also reduced from 639 to 260 ml and 138 to 45 ml, respectively. This study supported the premise that pH is one of the principal factors affecting the microbial production of volatile fatty acids and gas. Regulating the ruminal pH to increase bacterial activity may be one of the methods to optimize VFA production, reduce methane and, possibly, improve animal performance.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2020

Oxidative stress is common cause of neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vitro free radical scavenging activity and protective effect of three Glycyrrhiza species including Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and a new variety of Glycyrrihza (Shinwongam, SW) against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in C6 glial cells. In vitro assays, radical scavenging activities of G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ·OH, and O2- increased as concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the SW was found to contain the highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The treatment of H2O2 to C6 glial cell induced oxidative stress, whereas G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW significantly increased the cell viability as dose-dependent manner. In particular, SW exerted stronger protective effect on H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, than G. uralensis and G. glabra. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was significantly elevated by H2O2 in C6 glial cells. However, treatments of G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW decreased ROS formation. In addition, SW decreased pro-inflammatory related protein expression levels such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, compared to H2O2-treated control group. These results indicated that G. uralensis and G. glavra, especially SW, may be useful for preventing from oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage by regulating inflammatory reaction.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.303-310
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-coagulant effects of Polygoni Mutiflori Radix extracts. The results were as follows : 1. This study show that Polygoni Mutiflori Radix extracts have Anti-coagulant significant effects on Prothrombin time in vitro test. 2. This study show that Polygoni Mutiflori Radix extracts have Anti-coagulant significant effects on Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time vitro test.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 1996

We examined the effects of crude hemicellulose, alcohol-insoluble hemicellulose, high molecular weight soluble polysaccharide (HMS-P : MW>10 kDa) and low molecular weight souble polysaccharide (LMS-P : MW<10 kDa) fraction isolated from buckwheat (raw, roast and steam) on digestive enzyme activity in vitro. The enzyme activities were measured after the polysaccharides-enzyme mixtures were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. Crude hemicellulose, alcohol-insoluble hemicellulose and residue lowered ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity, whereas HMS-P and LMS-P had no inhibitory effect. All polysaccharides except LMS-P lowered lipase activity. Crude hemicellulose, alcohol-insoluble hemicellulose, residue and HMS-P showed a marked decrease of trypsin and chymotrypsin activity but LMS-P showed a slight decrease of them.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 1992

These studies were carried out to investigate optimal physological conditions for in vitro fertilization (IVF) of mouse ova. The unfertilized ova were obtained by superovulation from ICR mice of 4 to 6 weeks old. Tyrode's 280 solution was used as basal media, and pH and osmolality of basal media were adjusted with the supplementation of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride, respectively. The optimal pH, and osmolality of culture media and the optimum period of sperm preincubation were examined in fertilization in vitro of mouse ova and the subsequent culture in vitro of embryos. The pH range of media examined was designed from 6.5 to 7.5 with 0.2 interval and the range of osmolality from 250 to 370 mOsm with 20 interval, and the period of sperm preincubation examined was 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. The ova developed to 2-cell embryosafter 26hrs. of incubation with preincubated sperm were evaluated as in vitro fertilized ones. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The percentage of in vitro fertilized ova was highest (64.7%) in media of pH 7.1 and lowest (38.0%) in pH 6.7. No significant difference in % fertilized ova was found from the media of pH 7.1 to 7.5. Compared with the result from pH 7.1 medium, the pollyspermy was increased signifciantly (p<0.05) in the media of pH over 7.5 and below 6.9;, and the % degenerated ova was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the media of pH below 6.9. 2. The percentage of in vitro fertilized ova was highest (69.4%) in media of osmolality 330 mOsm and lowest (47.9%) in osmolality 250 mOsm. No significant difference in % fertilized ova was found from the media of osmolality 310 to 350 mOsm. Compared with the result from osmolality 330 mOsm in medium, the polyspermy aws increased significantly(p<0.05) in the media of osmolality over 350 mosmol and blow 290 mOsm, and the % degenerated ova was significantly (P<0.05) increased in the media of osmolality below 290 mOsm. 3. The percentate of in vitro fertlilized ova was highest (62.7%) in media of period sperm preincubation 180 min. and lowest (40.4%) in sperm preincubation 30 minutes. No significant difference in % fertilized ova was found from the media of sperm preincubation 120 to 180 minutes. Compared with the result from sperm preincubation 180 minutes in medium, the polyspermy was low differ no significantly(P<0.05) in the media of period sperm preincubation, and the % degenerated ova was signifciantly(P<0.05) increased in the media of sperm presincubation below 60 minutes.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.281-296
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different processing of rice on rumen fermentation in in vitro and in situ experiments. Different processing treatments (extruding, roasting, and steaming) were used in this study and all treatments were ground through a cyclone mill (Foss, Hillerød, Denmark) fitted with a 1 mm screen. Non-treated rice was considered to a control substrate. Then, all treatments were used in in vitro and in situ experiments. Total gas production and dry matter digestibility in control were lower than any other treatment at all incubation times (P<0.01). The lowest ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentration was observed in control among treatments at 6, 12, and 24 h incubation (P<0.01). Extruding had a highest total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration at 6, 12 h incubation (P<0.01) and Steaming exhibited a highest total VFA at 24 h (P<0.01). The lowest total VFA concentration was observed in control at 6, 12, and 24 h (P<0.01). In an in situ, The highest value of soluble fraction, degradation rates, effective degradability was observed in extruding (P<0.01). It was considered that feed processing increased dry matter digestibility, total VFA concentration, and decreased pH as well as $NH_3-N$ concentration indicating that processing may increase nutrient degradation of rice in the rumen.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to develop an in vitro culture system for rabbit embryos. The zygotes or 2-cell embryos were collected from the oviducts of the superovulated and mated does with D-PBS/10% FCS at 24 hours after hCG injection. The in vitro developmental rate of blastocyst formation and the number of nuclei in the embryos were examined under the following treatments; 1) TCM-199 with 10% FCS, 2) EBSS with 10% FCS, 3) rabbit vitreous humor(VH), 4) TCM-199 with 10% FCS＋BOEC, 5) TCM-199 with 10% FCS＋ROEC, 6) EBSS with 10% FCS＋BOEC and 7) EBSS with 10% FCS＋ROEC. For a comparative study of in vivo and in vitro development, the fresh blastocysts, which were developed in vivo for 96 hours after hCG injection, were collected from the uterus and their numbers of nuclei were counted. 1. The zygotes or 2-cell embryos developed to the blastocyst stage in TCM-199, EBSS and VH at the rates of 93, 92 and 89%, respectively. 2. The higher developmental rates 95~98% of blastocyst formation was achieved when the embryos were co-cultured with a monolayer of bovine or rabbit oviductal epithelial cells in TCM-199 or EBSS. No significant difference in developmental rates was shown between bovine and rabbit oviductal epithelial cells. 3. In a comparative study of in vivo and in vitro development, the total numbers of nuclei were significantly less in the in vitro cultured embryos(104~224) than the in vivo developed embryos(1, 0090 at 96 hours after hCG injectin. 4. The mean cell cycle numbers in the embryos cultured for 72 hours in TCM-199 with 10% FCS, EBSS with 10% FCS, TCM-199 with 10% FCS＋BOEC, TCM-199 with 10% FCS＋ROEC, EBSS with 10% FCS＋BOEC and in vivo was 7.38, 6.63, 7.76, 7.69, 7.01 and 9.92, respectively. From these results, it can be suggested the optimal culture system for in vitro culture of rabbit embryos is a co-culture system with bovine or rabbit oviductal epithelial cells in TCM-199 with 10% FCS. Considering the significant reduction in total numbers of nuclei in the in vitro cultured embryos, the advanced research on development of in vitro culture system for rabbit embryos is expected.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1559-1563
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• 2002

The ovarian follicular fluid was found to contain steroidogenesis stimulatory protein similar to albumin from human and buffalo. Therefore, the albumins from various species, commercial and purified, were studied for their steroidogenic effect on progesterone secretion by granulosa cells from buffalo ovaries, during culture. A dose of $20{\mu}g$ of bovine serum albumin was optimum to exhibit maximum progesterone secretion on day 6 of culture, in medium ($350{\mu}l$) containing $10^5$ cells. Among commercial albumins, chicken albumin showed highest effect on progesterone secretion, which was followed by albumins from goat, bovine, human, sheep and rat, respectively at day 6 of culture. The albumins were also purified from blood serum of buffalo, goat and rat using salt fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. The highest stimulatory effect on progesterone secretion was shown by albumin purified from buffalo blood serum and lowest by that from rat blood. Comparatively the buffalo and goat albumins were more biologically active than commercial albumins. The presence of some active molecules conjugated with freshly purified albumins may be responsible for better stimulatory effect.