• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.278-289
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• 2015

Indigenous strains of Trichoderma species isolated from rhizosphere soils of Tea gardens of Assam, north eastern state of India were assessed for in vitro antagonism against two important tea fungal pathogens namely Pestalotia theae and Fusarium solani. A potent antagonist against both tea pathogenic fungi, designated as SDRLIN1, was selected and identified as Trichoderma viride. The strain also showed substantial antifungal activity against five standard phytopathogenic fungi. Culture filtrate collected from stationary growth phase of the antagonist demonstrated a significantly higher degree of inhibitory activity against all the test fungi, demonstrating the presence of an optimal blend of extracellular antifungal metabolites. Moreover, quantitative enzyme assay of exponential and stationary culture filtrates revealed that the activity of cellulase, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, pectinase, and amylase was highest in the exponential phase, whereas the activity of proteases and chitinase was noted highest in the stationary phase. Morphological changes such as hyphal swelling and distortion were also observed in the fungal pathogen grown on potato dextrose agar containing stationary phase culture filtrate. Moreover, the antifungal activity of the filtrate was significantly reduced but not entirely after heat or proteinase K treatment, demonstrating substantial role of certain unknown thermostable antifungal compound(s) in the inhibitory activity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2002

가지에서 분리한 F. equiseti FO-68균주와 벗풀에서 분리한 Fusarium sp. FO-510균주로부터 항균물질을 분리한 후 이들의 식물병원곰팡이에 대한 항균활성을 in vitro및 in vivo에서 조사하였다. FO-68균주의 쌀배양체로부터 하나의 항생물질을 순화하였는데 , 이 물질은 equisetin이라는 물질로 동정되었다. 그리고 FO-510균주의 쌀배양체로부터는 두 개의 항균활성 물질을 분리하였는데, 이들은 zearalenone과 8'-hydroxyzearalenone으로 동정되었다. Equisetin과 zearalenone은 in vitro에서 실험한 식물병원곰팡이 대부분에 대해서 높은 항균활성을 보였지만, 8'-hydroxyzearalenone은 거의 항균활성이 없었다. In vivo assay에서 equisetin은 토마토ㆍ잿빛곰팡이병과 토마토ㆍ역병에 방제효과가 컸으며, zearalenone은 벼ㆍ도열병, 벼ㆍ잎집무의마름병, 토마토ㆍ잿빛곰팡이병 및 토마토ㆍ역병에 대하여 효과를 나타내었다. 하지만 8'-hydroxyzearalenone는 토마토ㆍ잿빛곰팡이병을 제외한 나머지 식물병의 발생은 억제하지 못했다. Equisetin, zearalenone 및 8'-hydroxyzearalenone의 항진균활성은 본 논문에서 처음으로 보고하는 바이다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1999

In vivo와 in vitro 생물검정법에서의 활성관계를 조사하고 또한 보다 효율적인 in vitro 검정법을 개발하기 위하여 작용기구가 다른 두 계열 살균제 즉 sulphamide계 (dichlofluanid와 tolylfluanid)와 dicarboximide계 살균제 (iprodione, vinclozolin 및 procymidone)을 시험약제로 하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. Dichlofluanid, tolylfluanid, iprodione, vinclozolin procymidone의 토마토 유묘에서의 병 방제효과는 유사하였다. 그러나 이들 살균제에 대해 in vitro 생물검정법으로 항균활성을 비교한 결과, sulphamide계 살균제는 포자발아 억제실험에서 높은 활성을 나타낸 반면에, dicarboximide계 살균제는 균사생장 억제실험에서 항균활성이 더 우수하였다. 그러므로 in vivo 병 방제효과가 유사하더라도 작용기구가 다르면 in vitro 생물검정법에서의 항균활성은 다르게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 또한 포자현탁액을 넣은 96-well microtiter plate에 약제를 처리하고 3시간 배양 후 배양액을 제거하고 다시 새 배지를 넣어 배양한 후 생장억제를 조사한 실험 (microtiter plate method I, MPM I)에서는 살균제들의 포자발아 억제실험과 유사한 경향의 활성을 보였다. 96-well microtiter plate에서 포자현탁액을 6시간 동안 배양하여 포자를 발아시킨 후에 약제를 처리한 실험(microtiter plate method II, MPM II)에서의 항균활성은 균사생장 억제효과와 일치하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 기존의 in vitro 항균활성 실험보다 편리하고 효율적인 MPM I과 II 방법은 각각 포자발아와 균사생장 억제실험을 대신할 수 있으리라 생각되었다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.243-246
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• 2009

In this study, the antifungal activities of limonene against Trichophyton rubrum were evaluated via broth microdilution and vapor contact assays. In both assays, limonene was shown to exert a potent antifungal effect against T. rubrum. The volatile vapor of limonene at concentrations above $1{\mu}l$/800 ml air space strongly inhibited the growth of T. rubrum. The MIC value was 0.5% v/v in the broth microdilution assay. The antifungal activity of limonene against T. rubrum was characterized as a fungicidal effect.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.610-617
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• 2016

Candidiasis has posed a serious health risk to immunocompromised patients owing to the increase in resistant yeasts, and Candida albicans is the prominent pathogen of fungal infections. Therefore, there is a critical need for the discovery and characterization of novel antifungals to treat infections caused by C. albicans. In the present study, we report on the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza against C. albicans and the possible mode of action against C. albicans. The increase in the membrane permeability was evidenced by changes in diphenylhexatriene binding and release of both 260-nm-absorbing intracellular materials and protein. In addition, inhibition of cell wall synthesis was demonstrated by the enhanced minimal inhibitory concentration in the presence of sorbitol and reduced (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthase activity. The above evidence supports the notion that S. miltiorrhiza has antifungal activity against C. albicans by the synergistic activity of targeting the cell membrane and cell wall. These findings indicate that S. miltiorrhiza displays effective activity against C. albicans in vitro and merits further investigation to treat C. albicans-associated infections.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.440-444
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• 1998

A series of 6-(N-arylamino)-7-methylthio-5,8-quinolinedione derivatives 4a-4l was newly synthesized for the evaluation of antifungal activity. 6-(N-Arylamino)-7-methylthio-5,8-quinolinediones were prepared by regioselective nucleophilic substitution of 6,7-dichloro-5,8-quinolinediones with arylamines in the presence of $Ce^{3+}$, and $Na_2$S/dimethylsulfate. The MIC values of 4a-4l were determined for antifungal susceptibility in vitro against Candida species by agar streak method. The derivatives 4a-4l had generally potent antifungal activities against all human pathogenic fungi. Especially they had the most potent activity against C. krusei at 12.5-0.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. Compounds 4d, 4g, 4h, 4j and 4k had more potent antifungal activities than fluconazole. Compounds 4g and 4h completely inhibited the fungal growth at 0.8-6.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml against all Candida species, while fluconazole inhibited the growth at 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. The compounds such as 4g and 4h containing an N-(4-bromo-2-methylphenyl)- or N-(4-bromo-3methylphenyl)amino substituent exhibited the most potent antifungal activities.

• 약학회지
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2013

The aim of this present study was to investigate the antifungal effect of tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza against Candida ablicans, a polymorphic fungus. For the work, tanshinone IIA (TSN), cryptotanshinone (CTS), and dihydrotanshinone I (DTS) were chosen. Initially, their antifungal effect was analyzed by in-vitro susceptibility test. Data from the susceptibility test showed that while all of these three compounds had antifungal activity, DTS was the most potent. At $100{\mu}g$ DTS/ml, there was about 80% CFU (colony forming unit) reduction as compared to DTS-untreated C. albicans yeast cells (P<0.05). Thus, DTS was selected to determine its antifungal activity in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis due to C. albicans. Results showed that DTS enhanced resistance of mice against disseminated candidiasis. During the entire period of 30-day observation, 60% of DTS-given mice groups survived whereas control animals all died within 14 days (P<0.05). Moreover, DTS inhibited the hyphal production, one of the virulence factors of this fungus, from the blastoconidial form of the fungus. Therefore, the tanshinone appears to have antifungal activity specific for C. albicans infection, which could possibly be mediated by the blockage of hyphal production.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.399-410
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• 2006

전남 남부지역의 참다래 과수원에서 발생하는 잿빛곰팡이 병원균(gray mold, Botrytis cinerea)에 대한 항균작용이 우수한 세균성 균주를 선발하기 위하여 참다래 과수원 토양으로부터 단일균주를 분리하였으며, 잿빛곰팡이 병원균(Botrytis cinerea)에 대한 생물적 제어 능력을 검정하고 균주 동정을 실시하였다. 참다래 과수원에서 분리한 총 350여종의 단일균 주 중에서 참다래에서 발생하는 잿빛곰팡이 병원균에 대하여 길항작용이 우수한 균주를 1차적으로 4종 선발하였고, 이 중에서 참다래 잿빛곰팡이 병원균에 대하여 길항작용이 86.9% 정도로 우수한 CHO 163을 최종적으로 선발하였다. 참다래 잿빛곰팡이 병원균에 대하여 길항작용이 우수한 CHO 163을 대상으로 균주의 형태적 성질, 배양적 특성 및 생리 생화학적 성질 등을 조사하여 균주의 동정을 검토한 바 Bacillus sp.와 유사한 균주로 동정되었다. 길항균으로 분리한 Bacillus sp. CHO 163은 한천배지에서 참다래 잿빛곰팡이 병원균 접종 후 길항균 처리와 열처리한 균주 배양액을 처리하였을 때 거의 완전한 항균작용을 보였다. 또한, in vitro 상에서 참다래에 잿빛곰팡이병원균을 접종하고 Bacillus sp. CHO 163의 배양액을 처리한 결과 잿빛곰팡이병원균의 방제가 확인되었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2009

형방지황탕은 한의학에서 중요한 약처방으로 인간의 기력 회복에 약효가 탁월한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 형방지황탕으로부터 항생 물질(HTI)을 분리하여 항진균활성 및 그 작용기작을 검토하였다. 그 결과 각종 병원성 진균에 대해 항진균 활성을 나타내었으며, 인간 적혈구에 대해서는 세포독성이 나타나지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 캔디다 알비칸스를 대상으로 스트레스 방어기작과 세포 이형성 유도에 HTI이 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과, 트리 할로즈의 증가와 이형성 유도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 이러한 현상이 항진균활성에 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였으며, 또한 진균의 세포주기에 미치는 영향도 항진균 활성의 요인이 됨을 밝혔다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.535-540
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• 2006

Several novel 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) ethyl]-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles (3a-h) have been synthesized by the condensation of 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-benzotriazole (2) and appropriate acid chlorides. 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-benzotriazole (2) was synthesized by reacting 3-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)propanenitrile with sodium azide and ammonium chloride in the presence of dimethylformamide. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR and PMR analysis. The titled compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity by the cup plate method and anticonvulsant activity evaluated by the maximal electroshock induced convulsion method in mice. All synthesized compounds exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Compounds 5-(2-(1 H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazo-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)(4-aminophenyl)methanone 3d and 5-(2-(1 H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazo-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)(2-aminophenyl)methanone 3e elicited excellent anticonvulsant activity.