• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.223-242
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• 2022

본 연구는 세종대에 삼물회를 조선왕릉에 도입하게 되는 과정을 살펴보고, 1446년(세종 28년) 영릉의 구조적 변화가 갖는 의미를 살펴보는 데 중점을 두었다. 조선초 왕릉은 고려의 석실릉을 답습하여 조성하였다. 조선왕릉으로 처음 지어진 신덕왕후의 정릉은 고려의 공민왕과 노국공주의 정릉·현릉을 건립한 경험을 갖고 있는 김사행이 주도적으로 건립하였다. 이후 박자청이 이어받아 조선 초 석실릉을 건립하였으므로, 고려의 석실구조를 기반으로 조선왕릉이 조성되었다고 보는 것이 적절할 것이다. 그러나 성종대의 『국조오례의』에 기록된 석실의 구조를 살펴보면 고려의 것과는 매우 다르다. 뿐만 아니라 『세종실록』에 기록된 태종과 원경왕후의 석실제도와도 다르다. 가장 큰 차이는 석실에 삼물회를 도입하여 구조적인 보강을 시도하였다는 점이다. 이러한 변화는 1446년(세종 28년) 소헌왕후의 국상으로 영릉(英陵)을 건립할 때, 석실 내에 물이 스며들거나 고이지 않는 밀실한 구조를 만들고자 했던 세종의 의지를 반영한 것이다. 1446년 세종과 소헌왕후의 합장릉으로 조성된 영릉(英陵)과 1452년에 조성된 문종의 현릉(顯陵)은 석실구조 바깥에 삼물회격을 추가로 시공한 석실과 회격의 복합구조체이다. 이것은 1468년(예종 즉위년) 세조의 유교에 따라 석실을 폐지하고 회격만으로 현궁을 만드는데 구조적 기반이 되었다. 즉, 영릉과 현릉의 구조에서 내부의 석실구조를 제거하고, 바깥의 회격만을 시공함으로써 회격 현궁이 조성된 것이다. 이로써 조선왕릉은 『국조오례의』에 기록된 석실과 회격의 복합 구조체인 회격석실릉에서, 석실을 제거하고 회격만을 조성하는 회격릉으로 정착하게 된다. 이러한 전개과정을 살펴볼 때, 1446년(세종 28)에 삼물회로 만든 회격구조를 석실에 결합한 회격석실릉은 조선만의 특별한 석실구조이며, 조선왕릉의 지하구조가 회격릉으로 변천하게 되는 기반이 되었음을 논증한다.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2013

After the port opening in 1876, the western people made joseon image as the land of morning calm. there was a conception that joseon was a uncultivated country in the meaning of the land of morning calm. famous modernists such as gil-jun yu, kwang-su lee also had same conception. but such conception began to change in 1930's. the number of motor vehicle began to increase rapidly in 1930's. and also many of motor vehicle were equipped with air horn or electronic horn instead of bulb horn. bulb horn made thick and low rubber sound. but air horn or electronic horn made sharp and high metallic sound. city people of colonial joseon began to recognize air horn or electronic horn as city noise. so they tried to control the use of air horn or electronic horn. finally, in late 1930's, the use of air horn and electronic horn were prohibited.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2022

The construction period of the ondol (Korean floor heating system) at Hoeamsa Temple Site is known as Joseon. The main reason is that a large number of remains in the Joseon era were excavated from the ondol floor with an all-around ondol method. This article partially accepts the theory of the creation of Ondol at Hoeamsa Temple Site during the Joseon Dynasty and suggests a new argument that some Ondol remains were built during the Goryeo Dynasty. The grounds for them are as follows. First, through the building sites consistent with the arrangement of the Cheonbosan Hoeamsa Sujogi (天寶山檜巖寺修造記, Record of Repair and Construction of Hoeamsa at Cheonbosan Mountain), it is highly likely that the ondol remains as a basic floor was maintained during the reconstruction period in Goryeo. Second, the all-around ondol method of the Monastery Site has already been widely used since the Goryeo Dynasty. Third, some ondol remains consist of "Mingaejari" and "Dunbeonggaejari," which were the methods of the gaejari (which dug deeper and stayed in the smoke) in the pre-Joseon Dynasty. Based on the above evidence, this study argues that the building sites such as Dongbangjangji, Seobangjangji, Ipsilyoji, Sijaeyoji, Susewaryoji, Seogiyoji, Seoseungdangji, Jijangryoji, and Hyanghwaryoji were constructed during the late Goryeo Dynasty.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.87-100
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• 2007

This study examines on the structural Methods between purlin and beam at Wooden Architecture in Joseon Dynasty($1372{\sim}1910$). Through the investigation, it is verified that the structural methods between purlin and beam is the technique utilizing tenon joint(통장부맞춤), Sungeoteok joint(숭어턱맞춤), dovetailed tenon joint(주먹장맞춤). And the methods of tenon joint is followed by the Sungeoteok joint, which is used in the buildings after middle Joseon dynasty. The method of tenon joint(통장부맞춤) is to connect the beam with the purlin by carving out the head of the beam as '一' shape. And the structural methods between Janghyeo(장혀, timber under purlin) and beam is halved joint(반턱맞춤) and tenon joint (통장부맞춤). The buildings in late Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty adopted the method of tenon joint between purlin and beam. The method of Sungeoteok joint is to connect the beam with the purlins by carving out the head of the beams '凸' shape. And the structural methods between Janghyeo and beams is halved joint(반턱맞춤) and tenon joint(통장부맞춤), the method of tenon and step joint(통장부턱맞춤), dovetailed joint between beam and Janghyeo to increase the security of shear force.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.246-259
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• 2021

조선시대 지방 읍성에 대한 연구는 다방면에서 많은 성과가 있었으나, 그 내부 관청 건물의 하나인 옥(獄)에 대해서는 고고학적인 연구가 제대로 진행되지 않았다. 죄인들이 머무는 옥사의 배치나 구조, 옥리(관헌)들이 사무를 보거나 숙직 근무를 서는 집무소, 탈출을 방지하는 담장의 구조 등에 대해서는 1997년 경주에서 옥이 처음 발굴된 이후 연구의 필요성이 계속 제기되어 왔으나 비교 대상이 없어 답보 상태였다. 그러나 그 후 발굴된 연일옥 자료와 공주옥 등의 사진을 비교 분석해 본 결과 조선 전기부터 말기까지 축조된 옥의 구조를 파악할 수 있는 기초 자료를 확보할 수 있게 되었다. 세종은 전국의 죄수들을 잘 관리하도록 1426년 표준적인 설계도인 안옥도(犴獄圖)를 배포하였고, 동·하절기 처우 개선 등을 위해 1439년 한 차례 수정하기도 하였다. 1421년부터 1743년까지 운영된 연일옥은 조선 전기부터 중기까지의 옥의 구조를 파악할 수 있는데, 조선 후기까지 운영된 경주옥과 비교할 때 원형 담장, 동서 옥사의 배치와 구조 등 그 형식이 매우 유사하며 규모만 작을 뿐이다. 이러한 구조는 조선 말기 사진으로 남아 있는 공주옥까지 계속 그 형식이 유지되고 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 조선시대 옥은 타원형의 담장과 남녀를 구분하여 수용하는 건물이 나누어져 있었고, 담장의 높이는 약 3m에 이를 것으로 추정된다. 옥사는 동쪽이 남자, 서쪽이 여자 옥사로 구분되며 지붕으로 탈출이 어려운 기와집 구조였다. 원형 담장 앞에는 옥리(押牢)들이 근무하는 초가 지붕의 집무소가 있었는데, 2중의 옥문을 통해야만 옥의 출입이 가능하였다. 조선시대 왕들은 인본주의 유교 사상을 구현하고자 미결수들이 머무는 옥의 환경을 개선하고 남녀를 구분하여 수감토록 한 것이 건축물의 배치에 반영되었음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

To be an adjunct professor(gyeomgyosu) literally means to act as an instructor while also holding a different position. Adjunct professors were initially introduced under Confucianism. Gradually, technical offices also appointed adjunct professors using Confucian-educated bureaucrats for the purpose of educating lower-level technical officials and cadets. This paper examines the history of the civil service system related to adjunct professors through the Code of Laws, and examines those who have been appointed to the public office described in various documents. This paper argues that changes in the medical office's adjunct professor system reflect changes in the national medical talent training policy. The main basis of specific recognizing medical personnel is to decouple the appointment of Confucian scholars from that of full-time doctors. The replacement of the role of medical educators from Confucian scholars to full-time doctors was largely accomplished during the reign of King Jungjong(中宗) and was completed during the period of King Injo(仁祖). The time when Euiyakdongcham was created and the Office of Euiyakdongcham was established coincided with the period when the adjunct professor was disrupted in the medical office. However, this change in the adjunct professor system of medical authorities is in contrast to interpretation, which is a representative technical field. In the case of interpretation, Moonshin's sayeogwon position as adjunct professor was maintained even in the late Joseon Dynasty, and apart from this, there was a hanhagmunsin in Seungmunwon. Interpreter families had institutional arrangements that prevented them from making interpretation their own monopoly. Therefore, families of medical bureaucrats had more room for institutional growth than those of bureaucratic interpreters. Of course, these institutional devices did not prevent the growth of interpreting bureaucratic families in the late Joseon Dynasty. However, the situation in which medicine was accepted only as a kind of knowledge, not as an object of full-time work for sadaebue, would have been an opportunity to rise for those in technical jobs who were full-time medicine. As medicine became more differentiated and developed in the late Joseon Dynasty, medical knowledge and the knowledge about the medical profession became more important. The politicians could not avoid the use of a philosophically oriented system in which a confucian-educated bureaucrat equipped with only Confucian knowledge might replace a full-time doctor. Thus, the contradiction between the reality and the ideal of ignoring or denying reality was reproduced like other Confucian-centered societies. These contradictions have implications for us living in the modern age. Establishing the relationship between philosophy (or belief) and technology should not end with the superiority of one side or the other.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.767-777
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• 2012

This study analyzed the system and arguments on the light-pink official uniforms and investigated the backgrounds and principles on the changes of the Sibok system. A study on light-pink danryeong in the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty is a de facto study on Sibok since the name of the light-pink official uniforms (implemented at the time of King Seonjo) changed from Sangbok to Sibok. Sangbok is discussed to explain the name change from Sangbok to Sibok and distinguish their usages; in addition, Gongbok is examined to understand the characteristics of the Sibok system. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (books written by scholars) and related laws are used as research materials. The research results are as follows. The name of the light-pink uniforms (a custom before the Japanese invasion in 1592) changed from Sangbok to Sibok at the time of King Gwanghaegun and the light-pink uniform was used as a relatively light formal uniform compared to Sangbok. Sibok was added to the law Sok-dae-jeon at the time of King Yeongjo (because the king respected the custom) and its color rank system was denoted from light-pink and red. Sibok was revised to light-pink, blue, and green under the law Dae-jeon-tong-pyeon that was promulgated at time of King Jeongjo. In the development of the Sibok system in the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty, the color rank system of Gongbok was reflected. The sovereign ideas in the official uniforms in the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty (revealed in the study of the system and arguments on the light-pink official uniforms) were the thoughts that respected the custom and the principles that distinguish ranks to establish a Confucian based hierarchy.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.192-201
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• 2013

This study explores the culture surrounding the dyeing of royal garments in the late Joseon Dynasty. The findings of this study are as follows. First, several dyes were used to color royal garments, such as jicho, honghwa, danmok, simhwang, sambo, goehwa, chija, and namjong. Mordants such as maesil, hwanghoemok, yeohoe, and baekban were also used with the dyes. Second, the Sangeuiwon (尙衣院) was the department in charge of the purchasing of dyes and the entire dyeing practice. It was the Seonhyecheong (宣惠廳) and the Hojo (戶曹) who provided revenue to the Sangeuiwon through a wongong, regular tribute, and a bokjeong (supplementary tribute). Additionally, additional dyes, if found to be insufficient, could be provided by the Hojo. Every year the Hojo provided jicho, honghwa, and danmok to the Sangeuiwon, and sometimes imported namjong from China. Third, royal garments were, in most cases, dyed by the Sangeuiwon's professional dyers and court ladies belonging to the sewing department in each palace. Naenongpo (內農圃) eunuchs were in charge of the indigo crops of each palace. Finally, more dye was used in royal garments than in the clothes of commoners to obtain a deeper shade of color. In addition, dyers tried to achieve a clear and vivid tone in their garments. Silk which absorbed color relatively easily, was dyed inside the palace using an ice vat filled with fresh indigo leaves; however, cotton was difficult to dye and was sent to professional indigo dyers outside the palace.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2023

This study was conducted to examine the architectural characteristics of Hak-seong Lee Family's Geun-jae-gong Historic House located in Seok-cheon-ri, Ung-chon-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan. The house is said to have been rebuilt in the early 20th century after it was built in the 18th century, and now there are nine buildings left, including the An-chae, Sa-rang-chae, Sa-dang, storehouses and etc. This house is a large-scale house that is difficult to find similar cases in near region. The division of areas on each building is clear, and it is evaluated that it retains the typical characteristics of the head family in the late Joseon Dynasty in terms of its overall size and layout. In addition, the current wooden structure, which is said to have been rebuilt in the early 20th century, shows the composition method and space utilization method of the 3-Dori type upper structure, which have become more diverse since the late Joseon Dynasty. This has not been dealt with in the previous survey, and should be considered in detail through this paper.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.402-410
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• 2021

Woolen tapestry curtains possessed by the Seoul Museum of Craft Art were used to hung on the wall or used for carpets in the winter season in the late Joseon dynasty. Since similar artifacts were only used for the curtain as functional aspects, woolen tapestry curtains were a rare case. In this study, scientific analysis on the accessory ornament of woolen tapestry curtains such as components of metal accessories and frame bar were conducted with the microscope, p-XRF, and SEM. Result of frame bar pigments, organic pigments such as ink stick were likely been used in woolen tapestry curtain 1. In woolen tapestry 2, lead red (Minium) was used in the frame bar. The result of metal parts, copper, and zinc were analyzed by p-XRF. This suggests that metal accessories were crafted using brass. Frame bar of woolen tapestry curtain 2 was made of soft pine (Pinus spp.) analyzed with the scanning electron microscope. Artifacts like woolen tapestry curtains are rare in Korea and scientific analysis databases were scarce, so it is important to construct components analysis data of woolen tapestry curtains. It is expected that additional scientific analysis and interpretation on the artifact's crafting technique can be merged with the analytical data gathered in this study to be utilized on the conservation and restoration of not only woolen curtains but curtain artifacts of the late Joseon dynasty in general.