• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2011

The effects of cooking method (grilling, frying, steaming, and microwaving) on the proximate composition and protein quality of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus treated with 2, 6, and 10% sodium chloride (NaCl) brine were investigated. Moisture content decreased in all cooked samples from 60.22% in the raw sample to 48.7% in the fried samples. Brine (10% NaCl) treatment recorded the highest moisture loss. All cooked samples showed a decrease in fat content, except fried samples. Protein content increased in all cooked samples, from 47.21% in the raw sample to 63.87% in the grilled sample. Brine treatment resulted in the highest degree of fat oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances), which was highest in the fried samples and lowest in the microwaved samples. The trypsin inhibitor (TI) concentration was highest in the microwaved samples and lowest in the fried samples. In all samples, 6% salt treatment caused the lowest TI level and the highest in vitro protein digestibility. In vitro digestibility increased from 79.4% in the raw sample to 86.43% in the fried samples. The total essential amino acids of all cooked samples increased. Results suggested that grilling and steaming had beneficial effects on the protein quality of chub mackerel.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2005

본 연구는 남은 음식물에 수분흡수제 또는 영양 보충제로 유기성 부산물인 제과부산물, 밀기울, 맥강, 육계분 등을 혼합한 후 rotary drum 방식의 반건식 살균처리 및 호기적 숙성 과정 별 혼합사료 내의 미생물 분포 및 사료단백질 pepsin 소화율과 in vitro 영양소 소화율을 측정하여 실제 동물 급여 시의 효능을 사전 예측하고자 실시하였다. 살균 처리 공정($80^{\circ}C$에서 30분간)은 전반적으로 균수를 감소시키는 경향과 곰팡이를 사멸시키는 효과가 있었으며(P<0.05), 연이은 숙성 과정은 살균과정에서 감소된 lactic acid bacteria를 증식시키는 효과가 있었다(P<0.05). 열처리 살균 공정은 혼합사료 단백질의 pepsin 소화율을 감소시켰다(P<0.05). 사료원료 건물 및 유기물의 in vitro 소화율은 제과부산물>밀기울>남은 음식물=맥강 순으로 높았다. 상기한 연구 결과는 반건식 남은 음식물 혼합사료의 동물 급여시 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2007

The objective of the experiment was to determine the optimum cultural [moisture levels (55, 60 and 70%), days of fermentation (7, 14 and 21), temperature (25 and $35^{\circ}C$) of incubation)] and nutritional parameters (urea addition (0 and 2%) and variable levels of single super phosphate (0.25 and 0.50% SSP)) for bio-processing of the mustard (Brassica campestris) straw (MS) under solid-state fermentation (SSF) system. The performance of SSF was assessed in terms of favorable changes in cell wall constituents, protein content and in vitro DM digestibility of the MS. Sorghum based inoculum (seed culture) of Ganoderma lucidum to treat the MS was prepared. The 50 g DM of MS taken in autoclavable polypropylene bags was mixed with a pre-calculated amount of water and the particular nutrient in the straw to attained the desired levels of water and nutrient concentration in the substrate. A significant progressive increase in biodegradation of DM (p<0.001), NDF (p<0.01) and ADF (p<0.05) was observed with increasing levels of moisture. Among the cell wall constituents the loss of ADF fraction was greatest compared to that of NDF. The loss of DM increased progressively as the fermentation proceeded and maximum DM losses occurred at 28 days after incubation. The protein content of the treated MS samples increased linearly up to the day $21^{th}$ of the incubation and thereafter declined at day $28^{th}$, whereas the improvement in in vitro DM digestibility were apparent only up to the day $14^{th}$ of the incubation under SSF and there after it declined. The acid detergent lignin (ADL) degradation was slower during the first 7 days of SSF and thereafter increased progressively and maximum ADL losses were observed at the day $28^{th}$ of the SSF. The biodegradation of DM and ADL was not affected by the variation in incubation temperature. Addition of urea was found to have inhibitory effect on fungal growth. The effect of both the levels (0.25 and 0.50) of SSP addition in the substrate, on DM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and ADL biodegradation was similar. Similarly, the protein content and the in vitro DM digestibility remain unaffected affected due to variable levels of the SSP inclusion in the substrate. From the results it may be concluded that the incubation of MS with 60 percent moisture for 21 days at $35^{\circ}C$ with 0.25 percent SSP was most suitable for MS treatment with Ganoderma lucidum. Maximum delignification, enrichment in the protein content and improvement in in vitro DM digestibility were achieved by adopting this protocol of bioprocessing of MS.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.212-219
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• 1991

Four species of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis, Saccharomycopsis flbuligera, and Schwanniomyces castellii were evaluated for their ability to bioconvert potato processing waste water into microbial protein and the resulting single-cell proteins were evaluated as protein sources for rainbow trout, using in vitro analyses. The studies indicated that Schwanniomyces castellii, which utilizes starch dircetly and converts it into cell mass efficiently, was suitable for the bioconversion. In the single-stage continuous bioconversion, the yield S. castellii cell mass, which contained approximately 37% protein, was 77%, at dilution rate 0.25 $h^{-1}$. Reduction of total carbohydrate was 81%. During batch fermentations, cell mass yield was about 72% and total carbohydrate reduction was 81%. Among the yeasts tested, S. castellii possessed the most fragile cell wall and had a favorable amino acid profile for salmonid fish; protein score of 86% (Met). In an in vitro pepsin digestibility test 80% digestibility (23~38% above control) was observed when cells were pre-heated in a steam bath for 30 min. Results presented should be regarded as being preliminary in nature because they were derived from single experiments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.747-751
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• 1999

The Hohenheim in vitro gas test was used to assess the nutritional value of some crop residues of known in vivo digestibility. The crop residues are groundnut shells (GNS) corn cobs (CC); cassava peels (CaP); unripe and ripe plantain peels (UPP, RPP) and citrus pulp/peels (CPP). Compared to other crop residues, crude protein (CP) content of CC was low. Except for CaP and CPP that had low neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), other residues contained a high amount of cell wall constituents. Net gas production was significantly different among the crop residues (p<0.05). Gas production was highest in CPP followed by CaP. CC, UPP and RPP have the same volume of net gas production, while the least net gas production was in GNS. True dry matter (TDM) digestibility was significantly different (p<0.05) among the residues. GNS was the least in TDM digestibility. CaP, UPP and RPP had similar TDM digestibility values, while the highest TDM digestibility was obtained in CPP. OM digestibility was different among the residues (p<0.05). CaP and CPP had the same ME value while CC, UPP and RPP had close ME values and GNS the least in ME (p<0.05). The potential extent (b) and rate (c) of gas production were statistical different among the residues (p<0.05). The Hohenheim gas test gave high in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility for CC, CaP, UPP and RPP and CPP. Fermentable carbohydrates and probably available nitrogen in the crop residues influenced net gas production. The results showed that crop residues besides, providing bulk are also a source of energy and fermentable products which could be used in ruminant livestock production in the tropics.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 1986

간석지(干拓地)에 자생(自生)하는 갈대 식생군락(植生群落)에 무비구(無肥區)와 시비구(施肥區)를 설치하여 5월(月)부터 10월(月)까지 월별(月別)로 초장(草長), 엽경비(葉莖比) 및 생산량(生産量)을 측정하고, 시료(試料)를 채취한 후 사료성분(飼料成分) 및 in vitro 건물소화율(乾物消化率)을 추정하였는바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 시비(施肥)에 의하여 갈대의 초장(草長) 및 수량(收量)이 증가(增加)하는 한편 식물체(植物體)의 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 in vitro 건물소화율이 유의적으로 향상되었는데 반(反)해 ADF 함량(含量)이 감소하였다. 2. 상관계수(相關係數)의 유의성(有意性) 검정(檢定)결과 생육시기(生育時期) 초장(草長), 수량(收量), crude fiber 및 ADF함량(含量)과 in vitro 건물소화율간(乾物消化率間)에는 부(負)(-)와 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타냈고, 엽경비율(葉莖比率) crude protein 및 crude fat 함량(含量)과 건물소화율(乾物消化率)과는 정(正)(+)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타냈다(P<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1718-1723
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• 2017

Objective: The study explored the dynamics of shearing force and its correlation with chemical compositions and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of stylo. Methods: The shearing force, diameter, linear density, chemical composition, and IVDMD of different height stylo stem were investigated. Linear regression analysis was done to determine the relationships between the shearing force and cut height, diameter, chemical composition, or IVDMD. Results: The results showed that shearing force of stylo stem increased with plant height increasing and the crude protein (CP) content and IVDMD decreased but fiber content increased over time, resulting in decreased forage value. In addition, tall stem had greater shearing force than short stem. Moreover, shearing force is positively correlated with stem diameter, linear density and fiber fraction, but negatively correlated with CP content and IVDMD. Conclusion: Overall, shearing force is an indicator more direct, easier and faster to measure than chemical composition and digestibility for evaluation of forage nutritive value related to animal performance. Therefore, it can be used to evaluate the nutritive value of stylo.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.488-493
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• 2001

The know the possibility in development of the low-fat beef patty models using crucian carp9 extraction residues (CCER, freeze dried powder : 5%, 10%, 15%), those protein nutritional quality, texture, color and sensory properties were investigated. About 13∼23% (on dry basis) of lipid in control was reduced in cooked beef patties with the higher addition ratios of CCER. In vitro protein digestibility was not changed in raw patties before cooking but 2∼4% higher digestibility was revealed in cooked patties. Computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) and discriminant computed protein efficiency ratio (DC-PER) of beef patties containing CCER were almost same as control. Lightness and red color value of both (raw and cooked) beef patties were decreased with the higher CCER addition ratios but brown color value of cooked samples were similar to control. Stronger hardness was noted in all beef patties containing CCER significantly (p<0.05). Consumer's acceptability were generally decreased by addition of CCER, but 10% level could be recommendable in beef patty processing.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.545-549
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• 1985

담수어로서 우리나라 전역에 분포하고 있는 잉어와 이스라엘 잉어의 식품학적, 영양학적 가치평가를 위하여 육단백질의 아미노산 조성을 분석하고, 사료단백질의 아미노산조성이 육단백질의 아미노산조성에 미치는 영향도 아울러 검토하였다. 또한 in vitro법에 의한 단백질의 품질추정을 위한 실험을 병행하였다. 천연산 및 양식산 잉어육의 단백질 함량은 각각 $17.0\%$와 $16.1\%$이었으며, 이스라엘 잉어의 조단백질 함량은 $17.8\%$이었다. 양식사료의 조단백질 함량은 치어가 $32.6\%$, 성어가 $24.9\%$이었으며, 이스라엘 잉어사료는 $26.4\%$의 단백질을 함유하고 있었다. 육단백질의 총 아미노산 조성을 분석한 결과 천연산에 비하여 양식산이 lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid의 함량이 다소 높았다. 또한 lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, alanine의 함량이 전체 아미노산의 $52\%$를 차지하여 비교적 많은 함량임을 알 수 있었다. 이스라엘 잉어는 lysine의 함량이 극히 높았으나 cysteine, methionine, proline 을 제외하고는 대체로 천연 및 양식산 잉어에 비하여 아미노산 함량은 낮은 편이었다. 사료단백질의 아미노산 종 histidine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, alanine, glutamic acid는 어육의 축적단백질로서, 어육단백질의 아미노산 조성에 영향을 미칠것으로 판단된다. in vitro digestibility, predicted digestibility, C-PER, DC-PER로서 비교했을 때 양식산과 천연산간에는 거의 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 이스라엘 잉어의 경우는 이들 잉어에 비하여 다소 높은 값을 나타내고 있었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 1984

염장방법을 달리하여 만든 염건조기의 단백질 품질을 평가하기 위하여, 실온저장 중의 트립신 활성저해물의 함량과 시험관적 단백질 개산소화율(in vitro apparent protein digestibility)의 변화를 측정하였으며, 병행하여 유효성 라이신의 보유양과 비효소적 갈변도의 변화도 분석 비교하여 각 실험결과에 대한 상관성을 검토하였다. 트립신 활성저해물의 함량은 저장 중 점차 증가하였으며, 저장 57일후에는 가공 직후에 비하여 $1.5{\sim}2$배에까지 증가하였다. 가공방법별로 비교하였을 때 $25\%$ 염수에 간하여 건조한 것이 TI함량으로 0.21mg/g solid로써 가장 적었고, $10\%$ 고형식염으로 간한 것은 0.30mg/g solid로써 가장 많았다. 시험관적 단백질 소화율에 있어서는, $25\%$ 염수로써 간하여 건조한 것을 제외하면, 모든 시료가 30일까지는 TI함량의 증가와 더불어 유의적으로 저하하였다. 저장 57일 후의 시험관적 소화율은 $25\%$ 염수로 간하여 건조한 것에서는 불과 $4\%$의 감소를 나타내었다. 전 저장기간을 통하여 비효소적 갈변색소는 유효성 라이신양의 감소 및 시험관적 단백질소화율의 저하와 더불어 증가하였다. 염장방법을 달리한 염건조기 제품 중에서는 $25\%$ 염수로써 간하여 건조한 것이 가장 낮은 갈변화율과 유효성 라이신의 감소를 보였다. 따라서 라이신의 실효화와 비효소적 갈변색소의 증가는 염건조기의 단백질 품질에 가장 주요한 영향인자임을 알 수 있었다.