• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to find the suitable putting green maintenance equipment for improving the quality of putting green. This study was carried out to investigate the green speed(i.e., ball roll distance) by different the types of greens mower(between work-behind greens mower and riding greens mower), the types of reel blades(between 9 blades and II blades) and the types of roller(between riding soil sprayer and lightweight roller). Green speed of golf course putting greens is assessed by use of Stimpmeter. The west course of Lakeside Country Club was selected for the case study. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The green speed was faster in 3.8 mm moving height treatment plot using work-behind greens mower than in 3.8 mm moving height treatment plot using riding greens mower right after the moving and even after eight hours had passed, and it was statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, work-behind greens mower was judged to be a proper equipment type for the fast green management practice than riding greens mower. 2. The green speed was faster in 3.2 mm mowing height treatment plot using work-behind greens mower equipped with II blades than in 3.2 mm mowing height treatment plot using work-behind greens mower equipped with 9 blades, and this result was statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, II-blade was judged to be a proper blade type for the fast green management practice than 9-blade. 3. The difference in green speed (green speed increased after rolling) between a treatment plot mowed at 3.0 mm mowing height with the work-behind greens mower and then rolled a single time with riding soil sprayer and a treatment plot mowed at 3.0 mm mowing height with the work-behind greens mower and then rolled once with lightweight roller was not statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. However, the difference in green speed (green speed decreased after rolling) between two treatment plots measured after eight hours had passed was statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, the lightweight roller was judged to be a proper roller type for the fast green management practice than the riding soil sprayer.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2007

Relationship of Dental Health Assessment to the Number of Existing Permanent Tooth in Senior Citizens visited a dental hospital or clinic from Some Regions. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the dental health assessment of elderly people who were at the age of 65 and up to the number of existing permanent tooth in an effort to lay the groundwork for pinpointing problems with their oral status and developing programs geared toward improving their dental health and quality of life. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. Regarding self-perceived dental health, the largest group of the senior citizens that accounted for 57.9 percent didn't find themselves to be in good dental health. The second largest group that represented 32.5 percent thought their dental health was at an ordinary level, and the third greatest number of them that stood at 9.5 percent considered themselves to be in good dental health. Their self-perceived dental health status was statistically significantly different according to education and monthly income, and whether they had a job or not made a statistically significant difference to that as well(p < .01, p < .001). 2. In terms of taste appreciation, 58.7 percent, the largest group, didn't appreciate one or two kinds of taste, and their taste appreciation was statistically significantly different according to education and monthly income(p < .05, p < .01). 3. As for chewing ability, 20.6 percent were able to chew well. In regard to digestion, 69.0 percent had an ordinary level of digestive power. 4. Concerning the number of existing permanent tooth, 38.9 percent, the greatest percentage, had ten or less permanent teeth. By education, the possession of 21or more permanent teeth(40.0%) was most common among those who received high-school or higher education. The greatest group of the senior citizens with a job had 11 to 20 permanent teeth(41.7%), and the largest number of the elderly people whose monthly income was 500 thousand won or more were in possession of 11 to 20 permanent teeth(41.7%). The number of existing permanent tooth statistically significantly differed with their general characteristics(p < .01). 5. As to connections between dental health and the number of existing permanent tooth, 21 permanent teeth or more were owned by those who were in good dental health, who appreciated different tastes and whose chewing ability was good. So there was a statistically significant relationship between the two.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2020

Rapid urbanization has elevated the risk of urban flooding due to the increase in the impervious surface, causing environmental disasters and environmental pollution problems, such as lowering the groundwater level and increasing water pollution. In Korea, low impact development (LID) techniques have been introduced to minimize these environmental impacts and maintain the water cycle soundness. However, most small-scale development projects are in blind spots because there is no legal basis for rainfall runoff management. Small-scale development projects that increase the surface runoff of rainwater are required to mandate the application of LID facilities in accordance with the polluters' responsibility principle. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a preliminary consultation system for water cycle recovery. This study focuses on the cost-benefit analysis on the application of LID techniques for small-scale development projects. The scale of nationwide small-scale development projects used for cost-benefit analysis were defined as buildings with a land area of more than 1,000 ㎡ or a total floor area of 1,500 ㎡. As a result of analyzing the cost-benefits from the installation of LID facilities, they were found to be much lower than the economic standard value of 1. This might be due to the high cost of facilities compared to the scale of the project. However, considering the overall environmental value of improving the water environment and air quality by the installation of LID facilities and the publicity of reducing the operating cost of sewage treatment facilities, the introduction of a prior consultation for small-scale development projects is inevitable. In the future, institutional and financial support from local governments is required to improve the cost-benefits with the introduction of a prior consultation for small-scale development projects.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.187-195
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• 2013

This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Yacon by-products and pine needle powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, pH, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance), WHC (water holding capacity), shear force, and meat color of chicken thigh meat. Broiler chicks were fed diets for five weeks containing 0% Yacon by-products and pine needle powder (Control), 0.5% Yacon by-products powder (T1), 1.0% Yacon by-products powder (T2), 0.5% pine needle powder (T3), and 1.0% pine needle powder (T4). There was no significant difference in growth performance among treatments, but mortality was decreased in diets by the supplementation of Yacon by-products and pine needle powder than that of control. The chicken fed control diet had higher cholesterol. LDL-cholesterol. triglyceride compared to those chicken fed Yacon by-products and pine needle powder regardless of concentrations, and HDL-cholesterol of control was lower than treatment. The pH and TBARS were significantly decreased by the supplementation of Yacon by-products and pine needle powder compared to the control (P<0.05), especially, pine needle powder group was significantly more effective in improving freshness compared to other test groups (P<0.05). The WHC and shear force were not significantly different. CIE $L^*$ and $a^*$ value of test groups showed significantly higher value compare to the control, however, no difference in the CIE $b^*$ values was observed among test groups. In conclusion, a supplementation of Yacon by-products and pine needle powder were effective in decreasing pH, TBARS, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol concentration. Pine needle powder supplementation was most effective (T3 and T4).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.60-72
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• 2016

This study aims to suggest strategies of development and management for large parks by examining experimental cases of park governance models related to a shift away from public administration. The shifts towards governance as well as public-private partnership in city parks have involved the need for new public management. This study has analyzed two exemplary cases of Presidio Park and Sydney Harbour National Park in the aspects of planning process and management strategies, as the results derived the meaning and effect of park governance management and is also an essential prerequisite for the achievement of the model. There are six dimensions of research frames--namely policy, governance, partnership, finances and funds, design and maintenance-management, and evaluation-monitoring-taken as the basis for this study. Through the analysis, several key characteristics of these cases were elicited. First, the park planning process must be consistent in carrying a policy from planning to implementation, and furthermore, an independent operation body which can properly authorize an execution and uphold its responsibility from the public could serve in adaptable park services. Second, it has been suggested to build various partnerships with PAs and NGOs, private corporations, community groups, and academic institutes that allow it to expand the diversity of the park activities. Third, there has been experimental exploration to achieve a financially self-sufficient model by establishing internal revenue models and hence allow the reduction of reliance on public finances. The result of this type of park management would allow for improving park quality and make the park space a vital part of the local economy. Fourth, the strategies for a local community's participation are needed to allow the community to become a producer as well as a consumer. This study shows that the direction and significance of the park governance model regarding the fact that the plans sought by the two parks are extending the layout of public-centered discussion to the private sector and the third non-governmental sector including to the local community group. This shows both implications and limitations, such as the risk of privatization through non-governmental activities at the park or the violation of essential functions as a public good due to a profit-generating management policy for securing financial self-sufficiency. At the current point in which plans are under way for the development and management of large parks, a park governance model requires continuous study and expansion of discussion in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2000

This study was conducted to prolong the edible period of Kimchi by adding chitosan (0.25, 0.5%) and sodium salts of various organic acids(0.01~0.04M citrate, malate, lactate) . The edible period was estimated by measuring changes in pH. titratable acidity(TA), PH/TA ratio, ascorbic acid content and pectin fraction during Kimchi fermentation at 2$0^{\circ}C$. The results were compared by estimating the maturity of Kimchi fermentation. Kimchi with the chitosan showed higher pH and titratable acidity throughout the fermentation period than that without chitosan. The pH decreased during the fermentation in the order of control, 0.25% chitosan, 0.5% chitosan, 0.5% chitosan+Na-citrate, 0.5% chitosan+Na-malate and 0.5% chitosan+Na-lactate. But the titratable acidity increased in the order of control, 0.5% chitosan+Na-malate, 0.25% chitosan. 0.5% chitosan+Na-citrate, 0.5% chitosan and 0.5% chitosan+Na-lactate. The PH/TA ratio decreased in the order of control, 0.25% chitosan, 0.5% chitosan+Na-malate, 0.5% chitosan, 0.5% chitosan+Na-citrate and 0.5% chitosan+Na-lactate. Ascorbic acid content in Kimchi was the highest at the 3rd day and then decreased during fermentation. Ascorbic acid content in Kimchi containing 0.5% chitosan and organic acid salts was higher than others. Alcohol insoluble solids( AIS ) in Kimchi decreased during fermentation in the order of control, 0.25% chitosan, 0.5% chitosan, 0.5% chitosan+Na-palate. 7.5% chitosan+Na-lactate and 0.5% chitosan+Na-citrate. During fermentation, hot water soluble pectin (HWSP) of control increased, whereas HCI soluble pectin (HCISP) decreased. By addition of chitosan, however, the results became reverse. Chitosan addition appeared to be effective in improving preservation quality of Kimchi during fermention. The edible period become extended by using chitosan plus organic acids instead of using chitosan only. Overall. addition of 0.5% chitosan+Na-lactate seemed most effective in prolonging the edible periods during Kimchi fermentation.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2012

Purpose: To investigate ocular higher order aberrations (HOA) and spherical aberration changes caused by an aspheric soft contact lens designed to reduce spherical aberration (SA) of the eye. Methods: Fifty subjects who have successfully experienced soft contact lenses were refitted with aspheric design (Soflens Daily Disposable: SDD, Bausch+Lomb) soft contact lens. Ocular higher order aberrations (HOA) and stand alone SA were measured and analyzed for a 4-mm pupil size using Wave-Scan Wavefront$^{TM}$ aberrometer (VISX, Santa Clara, CA, USA). High and low contrast log MAR visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) were also measured under photopic and mesopic conditions (OPTEC 6500 Vision Tester$^{(R)}$). All measurements were conducted monocularly with an undilated pupil. Results: The RMS mean values for total HOA with SDD contact lenses were significantly lower than those at with unaided eyes (p<0.001) and a reduction for SA in the SDD was close to the baseline SA (zero ${\mu}m$) (p<0.001). For the SDD lens, there was a statistically significant correlation between the changes in the total HOA and the contact lens power (r=0.237, p=0.018) as well as between the changes in SA and the lens power (r=0.324, p=0.001). High contrast visual acuity (HCVA) and low contrast visual acuity (LCVA) with SDD lenses were $-0.063{\pm}0.062$ and $0.119{\pm}0.060$, respectively under photopic and $-0.003{\pm}0.063$ and $0.198{\pm}0.067$, respectively under mesopic condition. Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) with SDD lenses under both photopic and mesopic conditions was $3.095{\pm}0.068$ and $3.087{\pm}0.074$, respectively. Conclusions: The SDD contact lens designed to control SA reduced the total ocular HOA and SA of the eye, resulting in compensating for positive SA of the eyes. Thus, the optical benefits of the lens with SA control would be adopted for improving the quality of vision.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.1 s.17
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• pp.33-38
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• 1975

The clinical efficacy of Ethaverine, a peripheral vasodilator, was studied according to a double-blind, non-cross over method in 29 diabetic patients with peripheral arterial diseases. The clinical improvement was assessed from the history of patients including the incidence and frequency of intermitten claudication. Ethaverine, after 4 weeks of therapy, was not effective in improving clinical symptoms compared to placebo. Ethaverine, however, was an efective vasodilator than placebo. The quality of vasodilation induced by Ethaverine, was similar to that of alcohol. A new clinical method of studying peripheral vasodilator was presented. The clinical symptoms of peripheral vascular arterial disease in the lower extrimities include reduced intensity of palpable pulses, coldness, and discoloration of the skin. Intermittent claudication may be present. Pathologic changes in vessel architecture precede the symptoms, and recognition of impending vascular insufficiency is a determining factor in selecting vasodilating therapy or surgical management. Also, post-operative patients who have chronic peripheral vascular arterial disease may be candidates for subsequent vasodilating therapy. Peripheral vasodilators, according to the series of reports, may be indicated in vasospastic peripheral vascular condition rather than an occlusive vascular disease and the vessel responds best when a relatively large vascular beds are involved rather than a small, capillary beds. Recently, the clinical efficacy of peripheral vasodilators have been challanged by many clinical investigators and clinicians. In this study, we have re-evaluated the efficacy of Ethaverine HCl as peripheral vasodilator in patients with vasospastic peripheral arterial disease. Ethaverine is claimed to be two to four times as potent a spasmolytic agent as papaverine in a variety of laboratory and clinical work.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.253-261
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• 2015

In this study, Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) prediction model and multiple parameters affecting algae occurrence in Mulgeum site were evaluated by statistical analysis using water quality, hydraulic and climate data at Mulgeum site (1998~2008). Before the analysis, control chart method and effect period of typhoon were adopted for improving reliability of the data. After data preprocessing step two methods were used in this study. In method 1, chl-a prediction model was developed using preprocessed data. Another model was developed by Method 2 using significant parameters affecting chl-a after data preprocessing step. As a result of correlation analysis, water temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, T-N, $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$, flow rate, flow velocity and water depth were revealed as significant multiple parameters affecting chl-a concentration. Chl-a prediction model from Method 1 and 2 showed high $R^2$ value with 0.799 and 0.790 respectively. Validation for each prediction model was conducted with the data from 2009 to 2010. Training period and validation period of Method 1 showed 20.912 and 24.423 respectively. And Method 2 showed 21.422 and 26.277 in each period. Especially BOD, DO and $PO_4-P$ played important role in both model. So it is considered that analysis of algae occurrence at Mulgeum site need to focus on BOD, DO and $PO_4-P$.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.715-732
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• 2009

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2008. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends in thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed in the categories of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, new and renewable energy, and fire. Well-developed CFD technologies were widely applied in developing facilities and their systems. New research topics include fire, fuel cell, and solar energy. Research was mainly focused on flow distribution and optimization in the fields of fluid machinery and piping. Topics related to the development of fans and compressors had been popular, but were no longer investigated widely. Research papers on micro heat exchangers using nanofluids and micro pumps were also not presented during this period. There were some studies on thermal reliability and performance in the fields of new and renewable energy. Numerical simulations of smoke ventilation and the spread of fire were the main topics in the field of fire. (2) Research works on heat transfer presented in 2008 have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, industrial heat exchangers, and ground heat exchangers. Research on heat transfer characteristics included thermal transport in cryogenic vessels, dish solar collectors, radiative thermal reflectors, variable conductance heat pipes, and flow condensation and evaporation of refrigerants. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, examined are research on micro-channel plate heat exchangers, liquid cooled cold plates, fin-tube heat exchangers, and frost behavior of heat exchanger fins. Measurements on ground thermal conductivity and on the thermal diffusion characteristics of ground heat exchangers were reported. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many studies were presented on simultaneous heating and cooling heat pump systems. Switching between various operation modes and optimizing the refrigerant charge were considered in this research. Studies of heat pump systems using unutilized energy sources such as sewage water and river water were reported. Evaporative cooling was studied both theoretically and experimentally as a potential alternative to the conventional methods. (4) Research papers on building facilities have been reviewed and divided into studies on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation, automatic control of heat sources with piping systems, and sound reduction in hydraulic turbine dynamo rooms. In particular, considered were efficient and effective uses of energy resulting in reduced environmental pollution and operating costs. (5) In the field of building environments, many studies focused on health and comfort. Ventilation. system performance was considered to be important in improving indoor air conditions. Due to high oil prices, various tests were planned to examine building energy consumption and to cut life cycle costs.