• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 2005

This study is a descriptive research in investigating the perception of doctors and nurses with regard to DNR, and data were collected through survey questionnaires. The period of collecting data was between July 15 and October 30, 2004, distributing 128 questionnaires to 128 participants, and a total of 110 questionnaires from 55 doctors and 55 nurses were collected (86%)among 70 different hospitals. The collected data were analyzed using SAS program to get real number and percentage, and were also analyzed with $X^2$-test. The Study Results are as follows: 1. Respondents who agreed with the necessity of DNR was 97.27%, the reasons of DNR necessity were 59.20% of 'impossibility of recovery in spite of lots of efforts,' and 35.20% of 'for the purpose of choosing a comfortable and dignified death,' and 97.2% of respondents answered that it was necessary to give explanation of DNR to serious case patients, terminal patients and their family. 2. Problems derived from DNR decisions were 44.44% of 'lack of treatment and nursing,' 21.11% of 'guilty conscience about failing to do best efforts,' and 71.57% of CPR implementation right after DNR decision. 3. Reasons of implementing CRP for patients with DNR decision were 50.94% of 'for the presence of family and relatives at the point of patient's death,' 20.76% of 'guardian's change of DNR decision,' and 16.98% of 'no communication for the consent after DNR decision.' 4. With regard to who was to make DNR decision? there was a difference in the opinion between doctors' and nurses' group while the group of doctors chose 'by the consent of the family and the doctor in charge,' and the group of nurses chose 'patient's intension,' and with regard to Have you received DNR related education? and Will people who want DNR increase if there is explanation given? there was a difference between the two groups. 5. In the catholic institutions, respondents of 71.7% said that it was necessary to take DNR depending upon the situation, and 73% said that they had performed DNR before. 6. In the institutions with over 500 beds, 91.92% of respondents said that there should be an establishment of guideline book as a written format to implement DNR. From the results of this study, it was found that DNR was implemented and executed broadly in clinical fields in the absence of necessary instructions and/or guideline, and that DNR order was placed to the group of doctors who got less opportunity for proper education than did that of nurses.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 1991

Internal measurement technique has been commonly and classically used to guide down-fractured maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy into its new position during intraoperative procedure for correlating preoperative model works with surgery. However, It has been challenged now by several authors due to some problems as its inaccuracy in three-dimensional changes at surgery, difficulty to measure during surgery and impossibility of rechecking at the end of surgery etc. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of maxillary movement by external measuring technique and to determine its accuracy between the prediction tracing and a new maxillary position. The results indicate that the external measuring technique was predictable in the vertical, horizontal and transverse change of the maxilla as its prediction, however, it has a tendency to shift the maxilla more anterior and inferior in overall direction than prediction. Post-operative canting difference were mimic, however Ehange of the maxillary dental midline was large and had a right-shifting tendency.1 The precise methods to keep maxillary dental midline as same as prediction and the avoidance of uneven force applied to the mandible for autorotation should be necessary during surgery in use of external measurement technique.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.495-500
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• 2006

Satellite systems for objects positioning appeared indispensable for performing basic tasks of maritime navigation. Navigation, understood as safe and effective conducting a vehicle from one point to another, within a specific physical-geographical environment. [Kopacz, $Urba{\acute{n}}ski$, 1998]. However, the systems have not solved the problem of accessibility to reliable and highly accurate information about a position of an object, especially if surveyed toward on-shore navigational signs or in sea depth. And it's of considerable significance for many navigational tasks, carried out within the frameworks of special works performance and submarine navigation. In addition, positioning precisely the objects other than vessels, while executing hydrographical works, is not always possible with a use of any satellite system. Difficulties with GPS application show up also while positioning such off-lying dangers as wrecks, underwater and aquatic rocks also other naturaland artificial obstacles. It is caused by impossibility of surveyors approaching directly any such object while its positioning. Moreover, determination of vessels positions mutually (mutual geometrical relations) by teams carrying out one common tasks at sea, demands applying the navigational techniques other than the satellite ones. Vessels'staying precisely on specified positions is of special importance in, among the others, the cases as follows: - surveying vessels while carrying out bathymetric works, wire dragging; - special tasks watercraft in course of carrying out scientific research, sea bottom exploration etc. The problems are essential for maritime economy and the Country defence readiness. Resolving them requires applying not only the satellite navigation methods, but also the terrestrial ones. The condition for implementation of the geo-navigation methods is at present the methods development both: in aspects of their techniques and technologies as well as survey data evaluation. Now, the classical geo-navigation comprises procedures, which meet out-of-date accuracy standards. To enable meeting the present-day requirements, the methods should refer to well-recognised and still developed methods of contemporary geodesy. Moreover, in a time of computerization and automation of calculating, it is feasible to create also such software, which could be applied in the integrated navigational systems, allowing carrying out navigation, provided with combinatory systems as well as with the new positioning methods. Whereas, as regards data evaluation, there should be applied the most advanced achievements in that subject; first of all the newest, although theoretically well-recognised estimation methods, including estimation [Hampel et al. 1986; $Wi{\acute{s}}niewski$ 2005; Yang 1997; Yang et al. 1999]. Such approach to the problem consisting in positioning a vehicle in motion and solid objects under observation enables an opportunity of creating dynamic and interactive navigational structures. The main subject of the theoretical suggested in this paper is the Interactive Navigational Structure. In this paper, the Structure will stand for the existing navigational signs systems, any observed solid objects and also vehicles, carrying out navigation (submarines inclusive), which, owing to mutual dependencies, (geometrical and physical) allow to determine coordinates of this new Structure's elements and to correct the already known coordinates of other elements.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.130
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• pp.337-361
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• 2014

The main purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the modern thought of love in terms of Dewey's esthetic experience. In the contemporary Korean society, discussions of love are represented in the two tendencies, scientification of love and idealization of love. In actuality, they support the insistence of impossibility of love by the modern sociologists. The former deals with love as chemical reactions in brain, which is based on physiology and biology. The latter regards hypothetical love through the media as the idea of love and displaces concrete love in reality with it. To see love as the subject catching, understanding, and desiring the object depends upon a narrow concept of experience. It comes from the idea that experience is not doing and suffering in a concrete situation but knowing and understanding the object. In this case, the uniqueness and the qualitativeness with each experience of love are ignored. When these traits of a romantic relationship are disregarded, love cannot help but subordinate to the logic of capitalism. This paper, therefore, attempts to find a new way to understand experience of love, focusing on Dewey's concept of aesthetic experience. I suggest that we can expect the possibility of experience of love if love is experienced in a similar way with aesthetic experience based on emotional interaction, and that the very experience of love leads to growth of our personality. Furthermore, I think this communicative experience makes people to change their community as well as each person's private life.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.85-112
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• 2017

Donald Trump, the $45^{th}$ president of the United States, has revived the 'English Only' policy since the beginning of his presidential campaign. The monolingualism not only underscores his extremely conservative ideas, but it also reflects the nativist tendency that prevents the demographic and cultural transformation of the US, which is accelerated by globalization and transnational migration. In particular, Donald Trump tries to reconfirm the mainstream American culture that is now thought to have been threatened by Hispanization and the growing number of Spanish speakers. This paper examines the effects of "code-switching" and the possibility of a bilingual community by contrasting Donald Trump with Gloria $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$, one of the representative Latina writers who created a "border language." Borderlands/La Frontera (1987) includes Spanish glossaries and expressions to represent her bilingual realities, while attempting to translate from English to Spanish, and vice versa. However, the text occasionally demonstrates the impossibility of translation. In doing so, $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$ indirectly states that it is indispensable to present both languages at the stage; she also invites monolingual readers to make more efforts to learn and better understand the Other's language. A "border language" she attempts to embody throughout the text is created in the process of encounters, conflicts, and negotiations among languages of different ethnicities, classes and generations. It does not signify an established form: rather it appears as a constantly transforming language, which can provide us with new perspectives and an alternative way of communication beyond monolingualism.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.105
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• pp.269-290
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of backwards causation. For study, this paper was divided into four views as follows: The first view was sometimes suggested by the people such as M. Dummett who distinguished observers from behaviors. According to observers' view, backwards causation is impossible, whereas behaviors' view possible. However, in a real or genuine sense, it is incorrect for us to argue for impossibility of backwards causation from the observer aspect. The second view was supported by J. H. Schmidt. He analyzed the possibility of backwards causation in terms of macro and micro level analysis about the causal events. According to micro level analysis, backwards causation is possible, but macro level analysis impossible. Usually the latter makes the former something miraculous. Under the macro level analysis, backwards causation, at first, seems to be miraculous phenomena which belongs to the micro level analysis. The third view had to do with physical equation, and the fourth view physical phenomena, respectively. John Earman argued for the backwards causation by the transformation from Lorentz­-Dirac equation to a second-order integro-differential one in the field of electrodynamic acceleration. His argument was criticized because of his misunderstanding about the relationship between two equations. On the other hand, Phil Dowe defended a version of Reichenbach's own theory about the direction of causation founded on the fork asymmetrical causal relation. However his view was different from Reichenbach's because the former defended the backwards causation model of Bell phenomena in quantum mechanics. On the contrary, Reichenbach put stressed on the priority of cause in the causal process. Subjectivism has recently been defended by H. Price, under the label of perspectivism. According to him, in a certain sense causal asymmetry is not in the world, but is rather a product of our own asymmetric perspective on the world. He also suggested causal net, the symmetry of microphysics, and so on. As mentioned above, there are many kind of suggestions of backwards causation. However none of them replaced objectively the main streams of the direction of causal process. The main stream has been usually defended by pragmatical ground. That is, effects do not precede their causes although causes cannot be without their effects.

• 기호학연구
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• no.54
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• pp.7-36
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• 2018

Michael Polanyi's idea of tacit knowledge came from the realization that scientific objectivity and critical philosophy had become too restrictive for philosophy, especially in the realm of meaning, which is beyond positivistic proof and contains more non-critical elements than critical ones. In social life, people still share certain kinds of knowledge and beliefs which they obtain without making or learning those explicitly. Contemplating the role and significance of tacit knowledge, he called for a post-critical philosophy that integrates the realm of meaning and thereby appreciates the intertwined nature of tacit and explicit knowledge. Polanyi's position towards skepticism and doubt shows similarities with Charles S. Peirce's thinking about the relationship between belief and doubt. Although Peirce's semeiotics stands firmly in the tradition of critical philosophy, he affirms that doubt cannot be a constant state of mind and only belief can form a basis for a specific way of life. Polanyi's approach differs from Peirce's by focusing on the impossibility of scientific knowledge based solely on principles and precision, and his emphasis on the crucial role of the community of scientists. Nevertheless, the deeper implications of Peirce's contemplations on belief and doubt have myriad ramifications on the philosophy of science as well as the sociology of science.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.685-693
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• 2021

This study examined the fire risk of the region in Goyang City using the spatial information data of buildings. The economic damage by industry was assessed according to the probability of fire risk. The study area was confined to Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, and the same fire risk reduction rate was applied to each region for the convenience of analysis. The possibility of fire was derived based on the buildings' density and usage in the area by National GIS building-integrated information standard data. The calculation of economic damage by industry in Goyang City due to the fire risk was calculated by combining the Goyang-si industry-related model produced by matching with 30 industrial categories in Input-Output Statistics of Korea Bank and 20 industrial categories in the Goyang-si business survey and the possibility of fire. The basic scenario of production impossibility during six months and business loss due to fire was established and analyzed based on the supply model. The analysis showed that Ilsan-dong-gu, Ilsan-seo-gu, and Deokyang-gu suffered the most economic damage. The "electricity, gas, steam, and water business" showed the greatest loss by industry.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.181-191
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial structure of director Im Kwon-taek's film , which was released in 1997. The space of the film contains the character and characteristics of the characters, and allows us to understand the contemporary reality and external circumstances surrounding the characters. For this purpose, this study used Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia. The concept of heterotopia defines the character of the era and provides implications for how capital, power, institutions and norms surrounding our lives are being visualized through space. Based on this understanding, this study first dealt with the theoretical considerations of Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia and its meaning. And through this, we investigated the possibility that the space of the film can be defined as a heterotopia. Through the analysis of the film's dialogue, scenes, and editing, the space of the film was divided into a heterotopia of deviation, a heterotopia of resistance impossibility, and a heterotopia of boundaries. The meaning of the film obtained through this analysis is as follows. The woman in the film is passively represented and floating on the border of heterotopia. And the film represent history and memory at the same time, and presents a heterotopia as the arena of competition.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.93
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• pp.121-148
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• 2011

The uncodifiability thesis in anti-theory argument is the typical claim for the impossibility of ethical theorizing. Based on this thesis reflecting particularism strongly, contemporary anti-theorists in ethics argue that individual decisions in particular situations cannot be codified into moral principles. The uncodifiability thesis needs to be examined by the following two issues: a theoretical issue of whether the object of codification is moral practices or not; and a practical one of whether moral principles present the decision procedure of moral reasoning or not. The characteristics of practical reasoning show that the object of codification in ethics, as moral theorists insist, is not moral practices but morality itself. Also moral theorists, contrary to the criticisms of anti-theorists, insist that moral reasoning is comprised of not only moral principles but also moral judgments with contextual knowledge and moral wisdom. In brief, moral theorists make a persuasive response to the uncodifiability thesis when they do neither intend to codify moral practices into moral principles nor to deduce the moral reasoning from moral principles. For them moral judgments should be examined by the moral principles which present universal and idealistic morality.