• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

The effect of real exchange rate changes on trade balance is called the J-curve effect. That is, after real depreciation, the trade balance will deteriorate in the short run and improve in the long run. Specially, import and export prices respond with little or no decline in volume. Assuming a zero initial trade balance and dominance of the exporter currency in invoicing trade contracts, the trade balance continues to deteriorate in the medium term. Over time, the relative price-induced volume effect comes to dominate the price effect and the trade balance improves. This pattern of the trade balance adjustment is commonly referred to as the J-curve effect. This study examines the effects of changes in the exchange rate on the Korean port trade balance to China. The empirical results indicate that whilst there is J-curve effect in the short-run, but in the long-run, the real depreciation of the Korean won has positive impact on port trade balance to China.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.13-48
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• 2019

Purpose - This study is to analyze the monetary indicators and the key macroeconomic indicators and to assess the effectiveness of state regulation on its basis. The analysis of monetary aggregates of Russian Federation, CIS, the countries of leading countries of North-East Asia at the present stage of development. Research design and methodology - The volume of data on Russia was analyzed from the 1995 to the 2018. The data from the 1950 to the 2019 were estimated on China. The data from the 1980 to the 2018 were estimated on Japan. On South Korea - since the 1960 to the 2018. On Republic of Belarus - since the 2003 to the 2018. On Tajikistan - from the 2008 to 2017. On Kazakhstan - from the 1994 to the 2018. On Kyrgyzstan - from the 2002 to the 2018. On Armenia - from the 2003 to the 2018. Results - Hypothesis 1: In Russian Federation, the monetary stock has a stable tendency to grow. The volume of money stock of Russia and the analyzed countries is much determined by external debt, GDP, the export, the import, and the international reserves. Hypothesis 2: The growth of money supply does not always give a positive effect in the development of the country, as well as a significant increase in the amount of money stock does not always lead to negative consequences. The monetary stock should be commensurate with the macroeconomic indicators of the state. Conclusions - The growth of the monetary stock does not always give a positive effect in the development of the country, as well as a significant increase in the amount of monetary stock not always lead to negative consequences.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2008

Compared to other North African countries, Tunisia has reached a significant level of fish consumption. The only relevant historical dimension of aquaculture in Tunisia are traditional lagoon management (80,000 ha of lagoon and coastal lakes) and culture of shellfish. Semi-intensive and intensive cultures are relatively new concepts in Tunisia and only recently also the public sector is involved. The Tunisian fishing industry has expanded over the last 20 years and annual catches at present are more than four times those registered in mid-fifties. Production of the year 2007 reached 105 thousand tons against 111 thousand tons during the same period of 2006 thus recording a fall of 5%. Unfavorable weather conditions mainly during the last quarter year had the effect to reduce the number of days out at sea. Exports reached 24.3 thousand tons for one value 240.5 MD against respectively 22.2 thousand tons and 234.1 thus recording MD at the end of the past year a rise of 9% in volume and from 3% in value. Commercial value such as shellfish - consequence of one regression of the production - with in parallel raises blue fish exports. The imports were stabilized in volume of 39.1 thousand tons and increased from 6% in value with respectively 67.4 MD in 2007 against 63.7 MD at the end of 2006. The importation in larger quantities of intended fish to the fattening of tuna in floating cages explains partly this rise. Nevertheless, the pay of balance import/export of produced fishing remains positive with a surplus of 173.1 MD against 170.4 MD in 2006.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.163-185
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• 2016

The impact of global trade on developing countries is a critical subject. Especially in this country, under difficult conditions like political issues with North Korea, achieved a trade surplus of 90.2 billion dollars last year. While the service trade recorded a deficit of 15.7 billion dollars in the same period. According to WTO, services are either the result of a production activity that changes the conditions of the consuming units (transformation services), or facilitates the exchange of products or financial assets (margin services). To unify and compare with the trade and service statistics of countries, they assorted 12 classifications of services like Manufacturing service on physical inputs owned by others, Maintenance and repair service n.i.e., Transport, Travel, Construction, Insurance and pension service, Financial service, Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., Telecommunications, Computer and information services, Other business services, Personal, cultural and recreational services, and Government goods and services n.i.e. Thus, this study is to estimate the international competitiveness of service trade between 2006 and 2015 in Republic of Korea, according to EBOPS 6th. As a result, total service volume of export and import has increased in the last 10 years. Its volume, recently, accounts for 22% of total goods trade. Also the Korean Government can make a supporting policy and decide a supporting business in terms of service trade. Finally, we can find a mutual connectivity within 12 service businesses and between Service and Goods.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2007

The growth of domestic energy demand is rapidly increased for the industrialization and the improvement of the living standards. It is also recognised that the importance of the use of environmentally friendly energy and high efficient equipment. Ground Source heat pumps (GSHP) using earth as heat source or sink are outstanding environmentally friendly energy systems which have high thermal efficiency when compared to conventional heating and cooling system. So government employs a policy and increase investment for expanding renewable energy market volume. Especially is established a system for obligatory usage of renewable energy to achieve 5% renewable energy diffusion rate by 2011. And the market demand for the ground source heat pump is rapidly growing due to its strong advantages. However domestic situation usually have been depended on the import of ground source heat pumps. In this paper, the results of development of a ground source heat pump using refrigerant R410A are reported.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.652-655
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• 2005

Considering the fact that more than $97\%$ of fossil energy resources such as oil and natural gas needed in Korea rely on import, primary concern of the national economy is to secure future energy sources. Gas hydrates. which is non-conventional types of natural gas, distribute worldwide, especially in marine and permafrost Gas hydrates draw great attention recently as a new clean energy resources substituting conventional oil gas due to its presumed huge amount of volume reaching 10 trillion tons of gas and environmentally friendly characteristics. Results of preliminary survey by Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) and Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) showed that gas hydrates can be present in deep sea over 1,000m water depth in the East Sea. Gas hydrates can contribute to the rapidly increasing consumption of natural gas in Korea and achieve the self-support target by 2010 with $30\%$ of total natural gas demand. This study presents the potentialities and development prospects of gas hydrate as a future energy source.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.203-224
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• 2010

With the launching WTO, the world economy has been changing new competitive environment. Agricultural exports should be pursued actively in the market of opening era to develop the foreign agricultural product market and to improve the domestic agribusiness quality and strengthen its competitiveness. The purpose of this is paper is to understand agricultural export status of Korea to detect challenges and matter for improvement, to find new measures of export strategy for the foreign market, recent emerging export promotion with high potential growth, and to increase Korea agricultural export to new world market by using a new method. The profit and loss status is volatile since the agricultural export is in its infancy. However, we have learned lessons from previous success and failure that prior analyzing of agricultural export feasibility, phased-in expansion of agri-food export volume, connection of agri-food export and agri-food market policy. In relation to this, this paper introduces Efficient and Effective Utilization of Communal Facilities in agri-food export. Consequently, First, Export promotion scheme for agri-food is to precise analysis of import countries and to collection agri-food export procedure and agri-food market system. Second, In order to expand export agricultural products to new world market, we need to direct 3rd support program to enhancing competitiveness in expanding export of agricultural export.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.35-43
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• 2014

Purpose - This study evaluates the mutual influential power regarding the trade volumes of Japan and USA, based on a literature review and an empirical analysis. Through the literature review, I could evaluate each country's actual import-export volume and its status. Further, I could evaluate how each country could influence its trade outcome, through empirical analysis. Research design, data, and methodology - This study aims to review the trade structure to improve Japan-USA economic and social cooperation, as the two countries have reciprocal complementary features, and to examine trade weaknesses and analyze factors influencing trade and its direction, as well as to identify ways to expand trade. Results - The intra-economic potential cooperation fields are numerous. Additionally, anticipated profits from these fields are stable as compared to other fields in the regional economic integration. Conclusion - The interrelations between the two economic identities can provide optimal opportunities for industrial technology cooperation. Under the current aggravated competition in industrial fields, it is advisable to identify ways to secure stable resource suppliers, including the development of export markets.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.103-146
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• 1994

Koryokukshinjodaechangkyochongbyollock is an epoch-making catalogue for historical study of proofing Buddhist scriptures in Korea. This bibliography was appended to the 30 volumes which was corrected in 70 Ham, 66 scriptures, and 79 cases. Comparing the differences between the first carved Tripitaka' s texts in Korea, texts made in the Sung dynasty, and the Kitan's texts, this catalogue discovered the name of scriptures, translators, volume number, the changed am order as well as omission, defaults, mistranslation of the Tripitaka made in the Sung dynasty. From Chon-ham to Young-ham, 480 sets among Kaewon-sokkyorock and 43 sets among Chongwonrock were correctly laid. Songshinyokkyong and the Sung Emperor, T'ai Tsung's statements were excluded. Even though it was possible to get these scriptures only by import from Sung, these imported scriptures had no reason to be proofed because of their new version and the author's direct selection in Sung. Shinchipchangkyon-geumeuisuhamlock has no authentic Sung's and Koryo's text books for correction. kyochongbyollock delivered the scriptures listed on Kudaechangmoklock, which gives an important clue to research transformation from the first to the second carved Tripitaka. Through the systematic study of the transformated facts beteween the first carved Tripitaka and the second one, This study would help rebulid the original Chojodaechan-gkynng which has been not yet perfectly discovered itself.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.3-14
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• 2012

In order to review the recycling status of urban mine resources in China, recycling of ELV(End of Life Vehicles), E-waste(WEEE) and nonferrous metals were surveyed. Number of the sales volume of the new vehicles were over more than ten million and number of discharge vehicles are increasing now. However, recycling system has not been managed smoothly in China. Though usage of home appliances in urban is similar with advanced countries, there are significant differences in rural community. In the other hand, China is the country with the largest E-waste import in the world. Production and consumption of the nonferrous metals are increasing year by year in China, but recycling of metals is not enough.