• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2008

Purpose: Women with breast cancer diagnosed at an age of 40 years or younger have a greater prevalence of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations than the prevalence of women with breast cancer diagnosed at older ages. Several immunohistochemical characteristics have been identified in breast cancers from studies of Caucasian women with BRCA1/2 mutations having familial or early-onset breast cancers. The aim of this study is to determine whether early-onset breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, who were not selected from a family history, could be distinguished by the use of immunohistochemical methods and could be distinguished from breast cancer in women of a similar age without a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. We also analyzed the prognostic difference between BRCA1/2 related and BRCA1/2 non-related patients by the use of univariate and multivariate analysis. Materials and Methods: Breast cancer tissue specimens from Korean women with early-onset breast cancers were studied using a tumor tissue microarray. Immunohistochemical staining of estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor(PR) and HER-2, as well as the histology and grade of these specimens, were compared. The prognostic impact of immunohistochemical and histological factors as well as the BRCA1/2 mutation status was investigated separately. Results: There were 14 cases and 16 deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations among 101 patients tested. A family history(4/14) and bilateral breast cancers(3/9) were high risk factors for BRCA1/2 mutations. BRCA1/2-associated cancers demonstrated more expression of ER-negative(19.4% versus 5.1%, p=0.038) and HER-2 negative than BRCA1/2 negative tumors, especially for tumors with BRCA1 tumors The BRCA1/2 mutation rate for patients with triple negative tumors(negative expression of ER, PR and HER-2) was 24.2%. Tumor size, nodal status, and HER-2 expression status were significantly associated with disease free survival, as determined by univariate and multivariate analysis, but the BRCA1/2 status was not a prognostic factor. Conclusion: Breast cancer that occurs in women with a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have recognizable immunohistochemical features, which may be useful in identifying individuals that are more likely to carry germline mutations. Although the BRCA1/2 mutation status was not a prognostic factor in Korean women with early-onset breast cancer, more cases with a longer follow-up period are needed for further study.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.725-732
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• 2011

Purpose: Skin grafting is one of the most commonly used methods in reconstructive plastic surgery field, but complications such as color change, contracture or hypertrophy are common problems. However, pathophysiology of the color change after skin graft is not yet determined and no animal model is established. Methods: Full thickness skin grafts were performed on the dorsum of C57BL/6 mice. Serial chronological gross inspection for color change and pigmentation were examined. Melanin pigments were traced by Fontana-Masson staining and semi-quantitative analysis was performed. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of S-100, Micropthalmia related Transcription Factor (MITF) and Melan-A antibodies were also performed to observe melanocytes and their changes. Results: After skin graft, color change and pigment spots were observed in the graft. Fontana-Masson staining showed melanin pigments in the epidermal and dermal layers in all mice. Immunohistochemistry staining to S-100, MITF, Melan-A antibodies showed melanocytes at the basal layer of epidermis and dermis. Conclusion: In conclusion, we have established an animal model for skin pigmentation after skin graft. We believe this study may be useful in understanding of the behavior of melanocytes after skin graft.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2003

Objective : This experimental in vitro study investigates the effects of electro acupuncture stimuli to the DCX and PSA-NCAM positive cells in the dentate gyrus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Methods : We used immunohistochemical methods to observe the change of neuron cells, and then counts the immunoactive cells under the $100{\times}$ visual field optical microscope. Results : 1. The counts of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus significantly increased in the 2Hz group versus control group. Otherwise 100Hz group did not have a significant differance. 2. The counts of PSA-NCAM-positive cells in the dentate gyrus rather decreased in the both 2Hz group and 100Hz group versus control group. Conclusions : We find out the electro acupuncture stimuli have some effects upon cerebral neuron cell in the dentate gyrus spontaneously hypertensive rats.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2003-2007
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• 2012

Purpose: E-cadherin is a transmemberane protein which is responsible for adhesion of endothelial cells. The aim of our study was to assess existing evidence of associations between reduced expression of E-cadherin and prognosis of ovarian cancer with a discussion of potential approaches to exploiting any prognostic value for improved clinical management. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of 9 studies (n=915 patients) focusing on the correlation of reduced expression of E-cadherin with overall survival. Data were synthesized with random or fixed effect hazard ratios. Results: The studies were categorized by author/year, number of patients, FIGO stage, histology, cutoff value for E-cadherin positivity, and methods of hazard rations (HR) estimation, HR and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Combined hazard ratios suggested that reduced expression of E-cadherin positivity was associated with poor overall survival (OS), HR= 2.10, 95% CI:1.13-3.06. Conclusion: The overall survival of the E-cadherin negative group with ovarian cancer was significant poorer than the E-cadherin positive group. Upregulation of E-cadherin is an attractive therapeutic approach that could exert significant effects on clinical outcome of ovarian cancer.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 1999

In order to investigate the regional distribution and relative frequency of the serotonin-, somatostatin- and motilin-immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract GIT) of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) with developmental stages, group of bullfrogs subdivided into the tadpole with hindlegs, metamorphosed bullfrog with tail, 2 wk after metamorphosed bullfrog and adult bullfrog, were stained by immunohistochemical methods (PAP methods). Multifarious changes of the regional distribution and relative frequency of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells were observed as developmental stages but motilin-immunoreactive cell ere not detected in this study. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected from 2 wk after metamorphosed bullfrog in the whole GIT. The positive cells were predominant in the pylorus regions. In the adult bullfrog, these cells increased in fundus. On the other hand, somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed from the tadpole with hindlegs in the stomach regions. In the metamorphosed bullfrog with tail, they were found in the whole GIT except for the ileum, and increased with developmental stages except for rectum. In the rectum, these cells were not detected after that period. Our results show that most of the immunoreactive cells appear from completed metamorphosed periods when the histological structure of GIT is completely differentiated.

• Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.363-368
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• 2018

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the destruction of melanocytes causes white spots on the affected skin. Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. The aim of the present study is to explore the possible role of JAK1 in the pathogenesis of vitiligo using immunohistochemical methods. Methods: The current study was conducted in a sample of 39 patients who presented with vitiligo and 22 healthy individuals who were age and sex matched as a control group. We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate JAK1 status (intensity and distribution) and assess the percentage of residual melanocytes using human melanoma black 45 (HMB45). Results: Intense and diffuse JAK1 expression was significantly more likely to indicate vitiliginous skin compared to normal skin (p<.001). Strong and diffuse JAK1 expression was associated with short disease duration, female sex, and lower percentage of melanocytes (detected by HMB45) (p<.05). Conclusions: JAK1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, as indicated by intense and diffuse expression compared to control and association with lower percentage of melanocytes detected by HMB45 immunostaining.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2021

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are differentially regulated in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of the brain after cocaine exposure. However, these results are supported only by biochemical and electrophysiological methods, but have not been validated with immunohistochemistry. To overcome the restriction of antigen loss on the postsynaptic target molecules that occurs during perfusion-fixation, we adopted an immersion-fixation method that enabled us to immunohistochemically quantify the expression levels of the AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit in the NAcc. Interestingly, compared to saline exposure, cocaine significantly increased the immunofluorescence intensity of GluA1 in two sub-regions, the core and the shell, of the NAcc on withdrawal day 21 following cocaine exposure, which led to locomotor sensitization. Increases in GluA1 intensity were observed in both the extra-post synaptic density (PSD) and PSD areas in the two sub-regions of the NAcc. These results clearly indicate that AMPA receptor plasticity, as exemplified by GluA1, in the NAcc can be visually detected by immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging. These results expand our understanding of the molecular changes occurring in neuronal synapses by adding a new form of analysis to conventional biochemical and electrophysiological methods.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.193-197
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• 2009

Background: Though it is clear that many types of viruses can infect the oral mucosa, its condition for infection is unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the conditions for viral infection of normal oral mucosa and explore the possibility of topical gene therapy to oral mucosa using a viral vector. Methods: Freshly taken fragments of the palate and the tongue of mice were used for organ culture. The specimens were exposed to green fluorescent protein (GFP)-adenoviral vector for 1 hour except for the control. Initial viral titer was $6.3{\times}10^{11}\;pfu/ml$ and the virus was diluted to working concentrations. The dilution ratio was 1:1,000 ($6.3{\times}10^8\;pfu/ml$), 1:10,000 ($6.3{\times}10^7\;pfu/ml$), and 1:100,000 ($6.3{\times}10^6\;pfu/ml$). They were then cultured on a stainless steel wire mesh in an organ culture dish. The specimens were stereoscopically examined every 24 hours for 6 days, after which they were fixed and analyzed through immunohistochemical methods Results: There was no visible expression in the control, $6.3{\times}10^6\;pfu/ml$, and $6.3{\times}10^7\;pfu/ml$ groups. Initial expression was observed at 24 hours after infection in both the palate and the tongue in $6.3{\times}10^8\;pfu/ml$ and the expression significantly increased until 3 days in the palate and 2 days in the tongue after infection (P<0.05). In both groups, the expression was mostly observed at the resection margin. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the epithelial cells were positive to GFP. Conclusion: The present study showed that topically applied adenovirus containing specific genetic information of GFP could successfully transduce GFP in normal oral epithelial cells at the resection margin in organ culture in terms of dose and exposure time.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.421-430
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• 2000

The regional distribution and relative frequency of the pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-immunoreactive cells in the pancreas of the Korean native goat (Capra hircus) were studied by immunohistochemical methods (PAP methods) using specific antisera against to PP during developmental stage, fetus, neonate, 1-month-old, 6-month-old and adult. The different regional distribution and relative frequency of PP-immunoreactive cells in the pancreas of Korean native goat were observed during development. In the exocrine portions, they were detected in the all ages and distributed in the interacinar regions. PP-immunoreactive cells were increased from neonate to 1-month-old but thereafter decreased with developmental stage. In the pancreatic duct, PP-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated from 1-month-old but they were decreased with developmental stages in these regions. These cells were observed in the subepithelial connective tissue of the pancreatic duct with a few frequencies in 1-and 6-month-old. However, they were located in the interepithelial cells of the pancreatic duct in the adult with rare frequency. In the endocrine portion (pancreatic islets), PP-immunoreactive cells were observed from neonate, and the regional distribution of PP-immunoreactive cells from 1-month-old was divided into two patterns : dispersed 1) in the marginal regions of the pancreatic islets with moderate or a few frequencies, and 2) in the whole pancreatic islets (in a case of 1-month-old) or in the central cores (in a case of 6-month-old and adult) with numerous frequency. In conclusion, the different regional distribution and relative frequency of PP-immunoreactive cells in the pancreas of the Korean native goat were observed during development. It is suggested that the changing of feeding habits and physiological conditions during different developmental stages may cause these differences.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.349-359
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• 2003

Corpus luteum (CL) is the primary productive organ of progesterone in pregnant cows. Progesterone levels in bovine plasma depend on the volume, weight and shape of the CL. Progesterone productions during the late stages of gestation occur both in the CL and placenta, and placentas producted more progesterone than CL on progesterone prcduction. Because division of progesterone production of these two organs is impoxxible, the CL function can not be determined by plasma progesterone levels following gestation stages. This study was carried out to evaluate histological findings on the CL spurium and CL verum, and also on the CL following the pregnant stages by histological and immunohistochemical and electron microscopical methods and then we expect to assume the functions of CL by histological findings. 1. Proliferations of luteal cells occur by day 120 of gestation, vessel hyperplasia occur by day 90 of gestation, and the walls and lumens of vessels developed by day 120 of pregnancy. 2. Sizes of CL cells increased to maximum around day 200 of gestation and similarly maintained by day 240. So these findings indicated that the function of Cl is most active around day 200 of gestation. 3. On parturation day, the number and size of luteal cells were maintained but stain intensity of the luteal cells and vessels are declined or disappeared, and fibrosis of luteal cells increased, and the vessel lumens are emptied. These findings indicate that CL is inactive. 4. In immunohistochemical findings, proliferative positive cells by PCNA antibody appeared more in number during early stages of gestation but appeared less following course of pregnant stages and not nearly appeared on day 120 of gestation. Apoptotic positive cells by TUNEL methods not nearly appeared on the early pregnant stages and a few appeared at late pregnant stages. So developments of CL proceed until day 120 of gestation and regression of CL was occurred by transform of luteal cells into fibrocytes than by luteal cell apoptosis. 5. In electron microscopical findings, the size of luteal cells increased more in CL verum than in CL spurium. During gestation stages, the size of luteal cells increased, mitochondria in the luteal cell cytoplasms densely and abundantly developed and also swelled mitochondria increased. The interspace of luteal cells are also dilated, transformation of luteal cells into fibrocytes are more number. The lumens and walls of peripheral capillaries of large luteal cells more broadened and thickened, and transformation of large and small luteal cells to fibrocytes are increased. The above findings suggest that function of pregnant CL more developed by day 120 of gestation and are most active around day 200 of gestation and similarly maintained by day 240 and are promptly regressed on paturation day.