• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.275-286
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• 2023

Cancer immunotherapy has been acknowledged as a new paradigm for cancer treatment, with notable therapeutic effects on certain cancer types. Despite their significant potential, clinical studies over the past decade have revealed that cancer immunotherapy has low response rates in the majority of solid tumors. One of the key causes for poor responses is known to be the relatively low immunogenicity of solid tumors. Because most solid tumors are immune desert 'cold tumors' with antitumor immunity blocked from the onset of innate immunity, combination therapies that combine validated T-based therapies with approaches that can increase tumor-immunogenicity are being considered as relevant therapeutic options. This review paper focuses on immunogenic cell death (ICD) as a way of enhancing immunogenicity in tumor tissues. We will thoroughly review how ICDs such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis can improve anti-tumor immunity and outline clinical trials targeting ICD. Finally, we will discuss the potential of ICD inducers as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.474-480
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• 2012

Purpose: For evaluating the immunogenicity of an influenza vaccine, the microneutralization (MN) test has a higher sensitivity and specificity as compared to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. However, the MN test is more time consuming and is difficult to standardize. We performed the MN test to determine its usefulness as an alternative or complementary test to the HI test for evaluating the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines. Methods: We compared the MN test with the HI test using 50 paired samples taken from a previous clinical study (2008-2009) in Korean children under 18 years of age. Results: The linear correlation coefficients of the 2 tests for H3N2, H1N1, and influenza B were 0.69, 0.70, and 0.66, respectively. We identified a high index of coincidence between the 2 tests. For an influenza vaccine, the postvaccination seroprotection rates and seroconversion rates determined by the MN test were 78.0% and 96.0%, 90% and 42.0%, and 42.0% and 48.0% for H3N2, H1N1, and influenza B, respectively. Geometric mean titer fold increases of H3N2, H1N1, and influenza B were 2.89, 5.04, and 4.29, respectively, and were 2.5-fold higher. We obtained good results in the evaluation of the immunogenicity of the 2008-2009 seasonal influenza vaccines. Conclusion: We found that the MN test was as effective as the HI test. Therefore, we suggest that the MN test can be used as an alternative or complementary test to the HI test for evaluating the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.245-249
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• 1996

Hantaan virus vaccine was developed in 1988 and proved effective. This vaccine is a kind of inactivated vaccine, stable for two years when stored at $2-8^{\circ}C$. Almost virus vaccines including Hantaan virus vaccine are produced and kept in fluid state, and the immumogenicity can be easily destroyed at room temperature or at higher temperature. Therefore the vaccines should be kept in the refrigerator to maintain the immunogenicity. In this study, glucose and/or lactose was added as a stabilizer into Hantaan virus vaccine to increase the stability and dried in vaccum with ethanol treatment. 5% glucose and or lactose in Hantaan virus vaccine most effectively increased the stability of vaccine and maintained the immunogenicity at least for three months at room temperature. But drying with ethanol treatment did not help increasing the stability. These results suggest that glucose and lactose could be good stabilizer of virus vaccines.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 1996

The gene encoding gIII of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) PQ strain was cloned and expressed in baculovirus. Although the gIII gene is located in Hind III I fragment as the case of the other BHV-1 strains, differences in size and restriction endonuclease site within the fragment were identified. The gIII expression was predominantly detected on the surface on insect cells by indirect immunofluoresecnce assay using monoclonal antibody. The western blotting analysis also revealed the presence of expressed protein of a similar molecular size to the original gIII protein. The immunogenicity of expressed protein were tested in guinea pigs. The immunized guinea pigs with expressed protein developed the neutralizing antibodies against BHV-1.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.273-277
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• 2006

To investigate the antigenicity and protective immunity of outer membrane protein H (OmpH) in Pasteurella multocida D:4, the recombinant OmpH protein was produced in Escherichia coli. The truncated and Trx-fused form of recombinant OmpH (53 kDa) was purified, and used as an antigen in the immunization and challenge experiment. The immunized mice with the recombinant OmpH produced a high-titer antibody, and had protective immunity against P. multocida as same level as the mice immunized with formalin-killed whole cell.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2007

Pasteurella multocida Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a causal pathogenin atrophic rhinitis in pigs. To investigate the protective immunity and vaccination effect of recombinantPMT, the gene for PMT was isolated from the infective P. multocida D:4. The 2.3 kb XhoI/PstI fragment(PMT2.3) of PMT gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using the induced expression vector system.The recombinant protein of PMT2.3 having molecular weight of 84 kDa was purified by Ni-afinitycolumn chromatography. The PMT2.3 raised slightly less anti-PMT antibody titer than formalin-killedwhole cel, however, it showed more protective imunity against P. multocida D:4 infection in vaccinationand chalenge.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.7
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• pp.328-338
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• 2021

Humanity has been suffering from the global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic that began late in 2019. In 2020, for the first time in history, new vaccine platforms-including mRNA vaccines and viral vector-based DNA vaccines-have been given emergency use authorization, leading to mass vaccinations. The purpose of this article is to review the currently most widely used coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines, investigate their immunogenicity and efficacy data, and analyze the vaccine safety profiles that have been published, to date.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.135.3-136
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• 2003

In the present study, type A influenza live virus, NC-22-8, which is a combination of a cold-adapted attenuated donor virus (HTCA-A101) and a wild type virus (A/New Caledonia/20/99), was constructed and the efficacy of this new virus was assessed by immunogenicity and protection tests in the mouse model. NC-22-8 (1'$10^7, 1'10^5, 1'10^3$ pfu/mouse) was intranasally administered to mice. Four weeks later, the titers of specific IgG and haemagglutinin inhibiton (HI) were measured from blood and the titer of secretary IgA (sIgA) was also detected from boncho alveolar lavage (BAL) and mucosal fluid. (omitted)

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2022

Botulinum toxin treatment is the most common non-surgical cosmetic treatment. Although there are many available treatments using botulinum toxin, their effects are temporary and repeated injections are required. These frequent injections can trigger an immunological response. In addition, botulinum toxin acts as an antigen in the body; thus, its effect disappears progressively due to this immunological reaction, which may cause treatment failure. Active botulinum toxin consists of a core neurotoxin and complexing proteins, the exact effects of which remain unclear. However, the complexing proteins are closely related to the immune response and the formation of neutralizing antibodies. Since neutralizing antibodies can lead to treatment failure, their formation should be prevented. Furthermore, various methods of detecting neutralizing antibodies have been used to predict treatment failure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.169-169
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• 2003