• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.418-423
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Spirulina, a blue-green alga, is widely produced and commercialized as a dietary supplement with bio- and immune-modulatory functions. We have previously shown that spirulina had favorable effects on lipid profiles, immune functions, and antioxidant capacity in healthy Korean elderly. Despite favorable effect of spirulina supplementation, some sub-populations have shown a poor response to supplementation. Obesity is a factor related to poor-response. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the immuno-modulation, antioxidant capacity, and lipid-lowering effect of spirulina in obese and non-obese Korean elderly. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 78 elderly aged 60-87 years. In a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled study, subjects were fed either placebo or spirulina daily, at 8 g for 12 weeks. Subjects were divided into the non-obese group and the obese group based on body mass index (BMI) criteria for Asians suggested by the International Obesity Task Force: $BMI<25kg/m^2$ (non-obese) and $BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$ (obese). RESULTS: In the non-obese group, spirulina supplementation showed a significant lowering effect on plasma concentration of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-2 concentration (P < 0.01) and a significant increment (P < 0.05) in IL-2/IL-6 ratio, and a significant increase in total antioxidant status level and a significant decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level. However, these effects were not observed in the obese group. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that blood lipid lowering and immune and antioxidant improving response for spirulina supplement was affected by obesity in Korean elderly.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.5 no.1 s.8
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• pp.135-151
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• 2002

Objective: This study was eanied out to investigate the effects of Raphani Semen on immuno-response in the mouse model of allergic asthma. Methods: In this study, BALB/C mice were divided into 6 groups: Normal (Non-treated group), Control (Group with not treated after allergic sensitization and induction by ovalbumin), Treat I (Group with the oral administration of saline after allergic sensitization and induction by ovalbumin), Treat n (Allergic asthma group treated with acupuncture (BL 13)), Treat III (Allergic asthma group treated with the oral administration of Raphani Semen) and Treat lV (Allergic asthma group treated with the herbal-acupuncture of Raphani Semen (BL 13)). The effect on cytokine was assessed by measuring cytokine (lL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-r) in bronchoalveoar lavage fluid(ELISA). ResuJts : The results obtained as follows: 1. The production of Interleukin-2 was decreased significantly in Treat I group, Treat n group and Treat IV group as compared with Control group. 2. The production of Interleukin-4 was decreased significantly in Treat I group, Treat II group and Treat IV group as compared with Control group. Among them. the production of Interleukin-4 was decreased remarkably in Treat IV group as compared with other groups. 3. The production of Interleukin-5 was decreased significantly in Treat I group and Treat IV group as compared with Control group. 4. The production of Interleukin-10 was decreased significantly in Treat I group and Treat III group as compared with Control group. 5. The production of Interleukin-12 was all decreased significantly in Treat I group, Treat n group, Treat m group and Treat IV group as compared with Control group. 6. The production of Intelferon- showed no significant changes in Treat I group, Treat n group. Treat m group and Treat Ⅳ group as compared with Control group. Conclusion: These results show that the production of Interleukin-4, 5 was decreased significantly in aJlergic asthma group treated with the herbal-acupuncture of Raph Semen (BL 13), It is known that inactivity of Th2 cell constrained the revelation and controlled hypersenstive action. As to this mechanism, it is suggested that the herbal-acupuncture of Raphani Semen(BL 13) constrained the revelation of allergic asthma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2008

The object of this trial was to investigate the effect of dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation on the performance and immunological response of broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty 1-day old male broilers ($39{\pm}1g$) were separated into six treatments which were given six different feeds containing 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/kg dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation. On days 21 and 42, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversation rate were recorded as measures of growth performance. The levels of key cytokines in the immuno-regulating pathway: interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon $\gamma$(IFN-$\gamma$, tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$, and the concentrations of signal molecules: peripheral blood plasma globulin, serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intestinal secretary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), were measured as indices of the immune response to determine suitable levels of dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation. The results indicated that performance was elevated quadratically with dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation. Maximal growth performance and an enhanced immunological response were obtained at a supplemented level of 50 mg/kg.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of root of Scutellariae Radix(SR) water extract against inflammatory response in the spinal cord injury(SCI). Methods : SCI was induced by mechanical contusion following laminectomy of 10th thoracic vertebra in Sprague-Dawley rat. SR was orally given once a day for 7days after SCI. Myeloperoxidase(MPO) positive neutrophils infiltration was examined. Inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) expressions were observed with immunohistochemistry. Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) positive astrocytes were examined using immuno-fluorescence. Results : 1. SR reduced MPO-positive neutrophils infiltration in peri-damage regions of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 2. SR reduced iNOS positive cells in the white matter of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 3. SR reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ positive cells in the gray and white matter of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 4. SR reduced cell number and size of astrocytes in peri-damage regions of the contusive SCI-induced rats. Conclusions : These results suggest that SR plays an inhibitory role against inflammatory response in the SCI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1665-1673
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to compare the compositions and immuno-enhancing effects of 6-year-old red ginseng powder (RGP) with those of its fractions. RGP was subjected to extraction with 100% ethanol to obtain an ethanol fraction (E) and residue 1 (R1). Then, R1 was subjected to extraction with distilled water to obtain water fraction (W) and residue 2 (R2). Chemical compositions were as follows: 4.94% acidic polysaccharides and 1.56% ginsenosides (amounts of Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rd, and Rg3) in RGP, 0.11% acidic polysaccharides and 6.99% ginsenosides in E, 4.93% acidic polysaccharides and 0.40% ginsenosides in R1, 0.50% acidic polysaccharides and 0.30% ginsenosides in R2, and 7.46% acidic polysaccharides and 0.61% ginsenosides in W. Immuno-enhancing effects of fractions from RGP were examined based on suppression of immune responses by cyclophosphamide. In the first fraction test, the antibody response to SRBCs increased significantly in the R1-treated group, but not the E-treated group. In the second fraction test, W showed higher immuno-enhancing effect than R1 and R2. W, which contained the highest amount of acidic polysaccharides, restored numbers of T and B cells, macrophages, as well as $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ T cells in the spleen suppressed by cyclophosphamide. These results suggest that acidic polysaccharides from red ginseng may be more effective than saponin in enhancing immune functions and reducing immunotoxicity of cyclophosphamide.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.581-590
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• 1996

Bone resorptiion was predominate in compression site, bone formation in tension site of periodontal ligament during tooth movement. The biologic response at compressiion site was different from tension site. Thus the CGHP immuno-positive nerve fiber will respond differently to mechanical force according to the area( compression or tension site). The purpose of this study was to investigate this response of CGRP immune-positive nerve fiber in the periodontal ligament according to the duration of applied force and the area (compression or tension site) during experimental tooth movement. The experimental animals were 7 week old male rat (approximately 200 gm). The orthodontic force was applied mesially to the right maxillary molar using the Ni-Ti coil spring during 12hours, 1, 3, 7, and 120days. Immunohistochemical staining using antibody against CGRP was performed after sacrifice. The results were as follows. The CGRP immune-positive nerve bundle showed reduced immunoreactivity and nerve fibers reduced in density after application of orthodontic force for 12 hours and 1day. The CGRP immune-positive nerve fibers showed many thin branches at the apical periodontal ligament after application of force for 3 days as compared with normal. The tension site in the apical periodontal ligament showed more branches than the compression site. In 7 day group, the CGRP immune-positive nerve fibers increased in terms of the number and had many thin branches in the apical periodontal ligament. The tension site had more branches than the compression site. In 12 day group, the CGRP immune-positive nerve fibers showed similar distribution to normal control at compression site of apical periodontal ligament, but the fibers at the tension site increased in number. The CGRP immuno-positive nerve fibers showed more increased at tension site than compression site after application of orthodontic force. Therefore it seems to have some relation to the bone remodeling besides the local inflammatory process.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.727-738
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of essential amino acid(EAA) deficient diets on short-term feeding response and the Fos expression in brain area when methionine deficiency diet fed, and thereby to know the mechanism of feed intake regulation. In all trials, experimental diets were formulated with pure amino acid mixture to level of 15% nitrogen. Rats were adapted to a 6-hr single-meal feeding per day(17:00${\sim}$21:00). Feed intake and body weight were monitored every hour after 7-day of feeding of individual EAA deficient diets in Exp. Ⅰ. In Exp. Ⅱ, Fos immuno- histochemistry was determined in various regions of brain to identify the regions that is related to suppressed feed intake following feeding methionine-deficient diet. Fos expression was examined to know the initial sensitive region in the brains of rats at 3h after feeding of the control and methionine deficient diet(-Met). Initial response to EAA deficiency diets was severely depressed in methionine deficiency diet, but the depression was low in threonine deficiency diet. However, the feed intake at 3rd day in rats was depressed in the order of His(71%), Leu(68%), Ile(66%), Thr(63%), Trp(61%), Val(55%), Phe(52%), Met(51%), Lys(44%) and Arg(24%). Fos immunoreaction in neural regions(PPC, amygdala and EPC) of pyrifrom cortex was increased in the -Met group more than in the control diet group, but those in LH, VMH and PVM were similar. Thus, based on these data, the PPC was identified as the initial response area in the -EAA diet.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2001

Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is considered as an essential immunogenic component for incorporation into acellular vaccines against Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. Classically, antipertussis vaccination has employed an intramuscular route. An alternative approach to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses is oral immunization with recombinant live vaccine carrier strains of Salmonella typhimurium. An attenuated live Salmonella vaccine sgrain($\Delta$cya $\Delta$crp) expressing recombinant FHA(rFHA) was developed. Stable expressionof rFHA was achieved by the use of balanced-lethal vector-host system. which employs an asd deletion in the host chromosome to impose in obligate requirement for diaminopimelic acid. The chromosomal $\Delta$asd mutation was complemented by a plasmid vector possessing the asd$^{+}$ gene. A 3 kb DNA fragment encoding immuno dominant regionof FHA was subcloned in-frame downstream to the ATG translation initiation codon in the multicopy Asd$^{+}$ pYA3341 vector to create pYA3457. Salmonella vaccine harboring pYA3457 expressed approximately 105kDa rFHA protein. The 100% maintenance of [YA3457 in vaccine strain was confirmed by stability examinations. Additionally, a recombinant plasmid pYA3458 was constructed to overpress His(8X)-tagged rFHA in Essherichia coli. His-tagged rFHA was purified from the E. coli strain harboring pYA3458 using Ni$^{2+}$-NTA affinity purification system.>$^{2+}$-NTA affinity purification system.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2008

Cancer Osaka thyroid, also known as Tpl-2 (Cot) is a member of the MAP3K kinase family and plays a key role in the regulation of the immune response to pro-inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumour necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$). A series of Cot constructs with an N-terminal 6xHis tag were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells: $Cot_{130-399}$ (kinase domain), $Cot_{1-388}$ (N-terminal and kinase do-mains), $Cot_{1-413}$, $Cot_{1-438}$ (containing a putative PEST sequence), $Cot_{1-457}$ (containing both PEST and degron sequences) and $Cot_{1-467}$ (full-length protein). These Cot proteins were pulled down using an anti-6xHis antibody and separated by 2D electrophoresis. The gels were silver-stained and 21 proteins were detected that did not appear, or had substantially reduced intensity, in the control sample. Three of these were identified by MS and MS/MS analysis as Hsp90, Hsp70 and Grp78. Hsp90 appeared to bind to the kinase domain of Cot and this interaction was further investigated using co-immuno-precipitation with both overexpressed Cot in HEK293 cells and endogenous Cot in Hela cells.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2003

The present investigation was undertaken to study whether tumor-associated macrophages of Daltons lymphoma (DL), a spontaneous transplantable T cell lymphoma can be activated to tumoricidal state by alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (ALTC). In vivo administration of ALTC (200 mg/kg body weight) in DL-bearing mice resulted in an enhanced RNI production and an augmented cytotoxic response of tumor-associated macrophages. Earlier we had reported that DL-bearing mice show a regression of thymus and an enlargement of spleen. In vivo administration of ALTC to DL-bearing hosts resulted in a decrease in the weight of spleen and counts of splenocytes along with an increase in the weight of thymus as compared to control DL-bearing mice. In vivo administration of ALTC in DL-bearing mice also resulted in an increase in the proliferation of splenocytes/thymocytes and BMC. The results of this study indicate that the ALTC upon in vivo administration in DL-bearing shows immuno-modulatory effects and thus may have clinical significance.