• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.1 s.84
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• pp.86-90
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• 1998

Anti-complementary (immuno-stimulating) activities of the polymers produced from submerged mycelial culture, natural and artificially cultivated basidiocarps of Phellinus linteus were compared. Activity $(ITCH_{50})$ of polymer extracted from natural and artificial cultivated basidiocarps of P. linteus was 65.77% and 63.94%, respectively, which is not significant difference. However, the activities which were significantly low were found from endo-polymer (41.95%) and exo-polymer (21.87%) produced by submerged culture of P. linteus.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2003

A purified substance was separated from marine alga, Chlorella capsulate. Immuno-stimulatory activity was measured by observing the growth of human immune T and B cells. The growth of human T and B cells was enhanced by up to about 1.4 times by adding the fraction from C. capsulata, compared with commercially available CGF extracts from the fresh water alga, C. vulgaris. The secretion of TNF-a and IL-6 was also enhanced up to about 1.5 times by adding the separated fraction. Adding 0.4 g/L of the extract increased the production of nitric oxide from macrophages by 1.6 fold. 50% of the AGS cell growth was inhibited by adding 0.4 g/L of the water extracted sample.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2003

This study was done to compile 104 experimental theses which are related to the antitumor and immuno-activating therapies between February 1990 through February 2002. Master's and doctoral theses were dassified by schools, degrees, materials, effects, experimental methods of antitumor and immunoactivity, and results. The following results were obtained from this study : 1. Classifying the theses by the school, 34.6% were presented by Daejeon University, 29.8% by Kyung-hee University and 11.5% by Won-kwang University. Of all theses, 51.0% were aimed for the doctoral degree and 43.3% were for the master's degree. All of three universities have their own cancer centers. 2. Classifying the theses by herb materials, complex prescription accounted for 60.3%, single herb accounted for 24.8% and herbal acupuncture accounted for 14.2%. Considering the key principles of the traditional medicine, complex prescription was much more thoroughly studied than single herb prescription. The results showed that the complex prescription had both antitumor activity and immuno-activating activity, which might reflects on multi-activation mechanisms by complex components. 3. Classifying the theses by the efficacy of herbs examined, in single herb, invigorating spleen and supplementing was 35.5%, expelling toxin and cooling was 29.0%, activating blood flow and removing blood stasis was 12.9%. In herbal acupuncture, invigorating spleen and supplementing was 52.9%, expelling toxin and cooling was 29.4%. In complex prescription, pathogen-free status was 41.9%, strengthening healthy qi to eliminate pathogen was 35.5%, strengthening healthy qi was 22.6%. It is presumed that the antitumor and immunoactivating therapy based on syndrome differentiation is the best way to develop oriental oncology. 4. Classifying the theses by antitumor experiments, cytotoxic effect was 48.1 %, survival time was 48.1 % and change of tumor size was 42.3%. Survival rate was not necessarily correlated with cytotoxicity. These data reflect the characteristic, wholistic nature of the oriental medicine which is based on BRM (biological response modifier). 5. Classifying the theses by immunoactivating experiments, hemolysin titer was 51.0%, hemagglutinin titer was 46.2% and NK cell's activity was 44.2%. In the future studies, an effort to elucidate specific molecular and cellular mechanisms of cytokine production in the body would be crucial. 6. Classifying the theses according to the data in terms of antitumor activity, 50% was evaluated good, 24.0% was excellent, and 15.5% have no effect. In an evaluation of immuno-activating activity, 35.9% was excellent and 18.0% showed a little effect. The index point, as described here, may helps to use experimental data for clinical trials. Changes in index points by varying dosage implicate the importance of oriental medical theory for prescription. 7. In 167 materials, IIP (immunoactivating index point, mean : 3.12±0.07) was significantly higher than AIP(antitumor index point, mean : 2.83±0.07). These data demonstrate that the effect of herb medicine on tumor activity depends more on immunoactivating activity than antitumor activity. This further implies that the development of herbal antitumor drugs must be preceded by the mechanistic understanding of immunoactivating effect. 8. After medline-searching tumor and herb-related articles from NCBI web site, we conclude that most of the studies are primarily focused on biomolecular mechanisms and/or pathways. Henceforth, we need to define the biomolecular mechanisms and/or pathways affected by herbs or complicated prescriptions. 9. Therefore, the most important point of oriental medical oncology is to conned between experimental results and clinical trials. For the public application of herbal therapy to cancer, it is critical to present the data to mass media. 10. To develop the relationship of experimental results and clinical trials, university's cancer clinic must have a long-range plan related to the university laboratories and, at the same time, a regular consortium for this relationship is imperative. 11. After all these efforts, a new type herbal medicine for cancer therapy which is to take care of the long-term administering and safety problem must be developed. Then, it would be expected that anti-tumor herbal acupuncture can improve clinical symptoms and quality of life (QOL) for cancer patients. 12. Finally, oriental medical cancer center must be constructed in NCC (National Cancer Center) or government agency for the development of oriental medical oncology which has international competitive power.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.941-950
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• 2012

In order to develop new physiologically active polysaccharides from persimmon leaves, two different crude polysaccharides were prepared using hot water (PLW-0) and pectinase digestion (PLE-0) and their immuno-stimulating activities were estimated. PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed similar sugar compositions with 15 different sugars, including rarely observed sugars in general polysaccharides such as 2-O-methyl-fucose, 2-O-methyl-xylose, apiose, aceric acid, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, and 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid, but the uronic acid content of PLE-0 was lower than that of PLW-0 caused by pectinase treatment. Both PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed potent anti-complementary activity in a dose-dependent manner which was similar to a known immuno-stimulating polysaccharide, PSK, from Coriolus versicolor. The activity of PLE-0 at a low concentration ($100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) was higher than that of PLW-0. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, PLW-0 and PLE-0 (up to $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) did not affect the growth of peritoneal macrophages and Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells. In contrast, they enhanced lymphocyte proliferation activity. Peritoneal macrophages stimulated with PLW-0 and PLE-0 produced various cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12. However, PLE-0 was more effective on the cytokine production. Intravenous administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 significantly augmented natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells 3 days after the treatment of polysaccharide fractions. But NK cells obtained from the PLE-treated group showed higher tumoricidal activity even at a low dose of $40{\mu}g$/mouse. In experimental lung metastasis of Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells, prophylactic administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 significantly inhibited lung metastasis in a dose-dependent manner and PLE-0 was more effective on the inhibition of cancer metasasis. The results lead us to conclude that the pectinase-treated process is indispensable to preparing polysaccharides with higher immune-stimulating activity from persimmon leaves.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2012

This study was performed to determined the antioxidant activities, anticancer and immuno-activities of anthocyanin fraction from Rubus coreanus Miquel fruits (Bokbunja). Anthocyanin fraction extracted from Bokbunja revealed the presence of three anthocyanin components, which were tentatively identified as cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-O-xylosylrutinoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside using RP-HPLC/DAD/MS. The anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja always showed reducing power and high scavenging activities against DPPH, hydroxy radical (OH) and superoxide anion radical ($O_2{^-}$) similar to general synthetic antioxidant and polyphenol compounds from plant origin. Anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja showed high inhibition on proliferation of LNCaP and A549 cells and did not inhibit the proliferation of other cancer cells. Immuno-activities of Anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja were investigated, it showed high promotion of human B and T cells growth about 50% and secretion of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ by treatment after 6 days. Over all, the result of the study suggest that anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja displays antioxidant activity comparable to that general synthetic antioxidant, also, anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja are expected to be good candidate for development into source of anticaner and immuno-activator agent in food industry.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2016

$^{89}Zr$ with the favorable nuclear decay kinetics and chemical properties is an appealing radiometal for its application in immuno-PET using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. Rising demand of ultrahigh purity and high-specific activity $^{89}Zr$ has propelled the radiochemist worldwide to develop an overall efficacious method for its promising separation from the target matrix $^{89}Y$. The requirement of elevated radiochemical purity (${\geq}$ 99.99%) has accelerated the efforts since last two decades to achieve higher decontamination and separation factors of carrier free $^{89}Zr$ over $^{89}Y$ using several suitable separation techniques. However, each of the technique has its own pros and cons which prior to its actual medical application needs to be optimized and thoroughly scrutinized to avoid further complications during radiolabelling of the pharmaceuticals. In this short review article we will specifically consider as well focus on the historical development and the recent advances on the radiochemical separation of $^{89}Zr$ from $^{89}Y$ which will be helpful for the separation scientist involved in this area to understand the existing available means and plan the strategy to investigate and develop the novel techniques to overcome the problems involved in the present methods.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.366-371
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• 2012

In this present study, we determined whether or not there is an immunoadjuvant effect of ochnaflavone, a biflavone isolated from Lonicera japonica. As an antigenic source, the cell wall (CACW) of Candida albicans, a fungal pathogen, was used. CACW consists of 95% carbohydrate (mannan). In the experiments, BALB/c mice were immunized with emersion forms of CACW combined with or without ochnaflavone (Och) in the presence of IFA containing mineral oil or CACW alone. Then, the amounts of antisera collected from these mice groups were measured by the ELISA method. Data from these experiments showed that CACW combined with Och (CACW/Och/IFA) provoked the production of antisera app. 2.2 or 5 times more than the corresponding CACW/IFA or CACW alone (CACW/DPBS), respectively, in mice (P<0.05). We further examined the immune response type induced by Och. Analysis of the values of the IgG1/IgG2a ratios obtained from IgG isotyping revealed that Och induced Th2-immunity more dominantly than Th1. This finding was confirmed by cytokine profile. CACW/Och/IFA formulation induced IL-4 (Th2-type cytokine) more than IFN${\gamma}$ (Th1-type cytokine) as compared with CACW/IFA and CACW/DPBS formulations (P<0.05). All data combined, Och appears to have an immunoadjuvant activity that may convert Th1 immunity into Th2 immunity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.220-227
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• 2008

In this study, polysaccharides were isolated from Korean persimmon vinegar to characterize the polysaccharides existing as soluble forms within traditional Korean fermented beverages, and their immuno-stimulating activities were examined. Three successive chromatographies were used to purify the main polysaccharide in the persimmon vinegar, PV-1b-I, to homogeneity from the crude polysaccharide (PV-0). The molecular mass of PV-1b-I was estimated as 110 kDa and it contained significant proportions of mannose (46.8%), galactose (28.5%) and arabinose (19.1%). PV-1b-I strongly reacted with ${\beta}$-glucosyl Yariv reagent, suggesting the presence of an arabino-3,6-galactan moiety. PV-1b-I also induced high levels of macrophage activation and mitogenicity on murine splenocytes in vitro. The intravenous administration of PV-1b-I significantly augmented NK cytotoxicity against YAC-1 tumor cells. PV-1b-I also showed potent anticomplementary activity in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, C3 activation products were identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3 and the anti-complementary activity of PV-1b-I under $Ca^{2+}$-free conditions, suggesting that this PV-1b-I causes complementary activations via both alternative and classical pathways. From these results, one can conclude that Korean persimmon vinegar contains select polysaccharides in addition to healthy components, and these polysaccharides appear to provide immuno-stimulating activities beneficial to human health.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.488-492
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• 2003

Yeast cell wall mutant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IS2 was screened by the NTG treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7911. The mutant was highly resistant to zymolase, which specifically degrades ${\beta}$-1,3-D-glucose chain of ${\beta}$-glucan and mechanical disruption by glass beads. These phenomena demonstrate that the yeast mutant has cell wall structure different from the wild-type. The ${\beta}$-glucan of yeast mutant and wild-type strains was recovered by sequential extraction with NaOH. The injection of ${\beta}$-glucan into the abdominal cavity of mouse resulted in an increase in the number of peritoneal immune cells, NO (nitric oxide) production, and phagocytic activity of macrophage. The number of immune cells was found to be $3.90{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ and $5.48{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ with the wild-type and mutant ${\beta}$-glucan, respectively. The effect on the NO production and phagocytic activity of mutant ${\beta}$-glucan were 1.69 and 1.43-fold higher than those of wild-type. These results indicate that the immuno-stimulating activity of alternated ${\beta}$-glucan from mutant yeast is higher than that of wild-type.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1609-1616
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• 2005

Ninety advanced Catla catla fingerlings (av. wt. 16 g) were randomly distributed in six treatment groups with three replicates each for an experimental period of 60 days to study the effect of dietary lipid source on growth, enzyme activities and immuno-hematological parameters. Six isoprotein (40.0-41.9%) and isocaloric (4,260 kcal $kg^{-1}$) semi-purified diets were prepared with varying levels of soybean oil (SBO) and cod liver oil (CLO) within a total of 8% lipid viz., $D_1$ (Control), $D_2$ (8% SBO), $D_3$ (6% SBO and 2% CLO), $D_4$ (4% SBO and 4% CLO), $D_5$ (2% SBO and 6% CLO) and $D_6$ (8% CLO). Highest SGR was noted in $D_5$ (0.73${\pm}$0.03) group, which was similar with $D_3$ (0.71${\pm}$0.02) and $D_4$ (0.69${\pm}$0.01) groups. Activity of intestinal lipase, hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) of the lipid treatment groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control group. The respiratory burst activity of the phagocytes (Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)) was highest in $D_2$ (1.95${\pm}$0.21) followed by $D_3$ (1.19${\pm}$0.15) group, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other groups. Globulin level was significantly higher in $D_3$ (1.29${\pm}$0.08) than in the other groups expect $D_4$. Hemoglobin content and total erythrocyte count did not show any significant difference. From this study, it is concluded that a diet containing 6% soybean oil and 2% cod liver oil ($D_3$) yields higher growth and immune response in Catla catla fingerlings and would be cost effective.