• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.891-896
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• 2008

The function of mast cells as effector cells in allergy has been extensively studied. Mast cells activated through high affinity IgE-receptor ($Fc{\varepsilon}RI$) release diverse mediators, and lead to smooth muscle constriction, vasodilation, increase of vascular permeability, leukocyte recruitment and activation, mucus secretion, and tissue proliferation and remodeling. However, various other immunological and non-immunological signals can lead to the activation of mast cells. In resent years, mast cells have been identified to be involved in a complex range of immune functions. Mast cells can be important as key players in the regulation of innate as well as adapted immune responses, and may influence the development of allergy, autoimmune disorder and peripheral tolerance. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of effector functions of mast cells in immune responses.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.535-537
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• 2021

In the 1918 influenza pandemic, more than 95% of mortalities were ascribed to bacterial pneumonia. After the primary influenza infection, the innate immune system is attenuated, and the susceptibility to bacteria is increased. Subsequent bacterial pneumonia exacerbates morbidity and increases the mortality rate. Similarly, COVID-19 infection attenuates innate immunity and results in pneumonia. In addition, the current pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may have limited defense against secondary pneumococcal infection after influenza infection. Therefore, until a fully protective vaccine is available, a method of increasing immunity may be helpful. Ginseng has been shown to increase the defense against influenza in clinical trials and animal experiments, as well as the defense against pneumococcal pneumonia in animal experiments. Based on these findings, ginseng is suspected to be helpful for providing immunity against COVID-19.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.210-215
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• 2011

It is already known that high concentration of vitamin C induces apoptosis on tumor cells. However, there is no report regarding the function of vitamin C on the modulation of immune susceptibility of cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether vitamin C can modulate immune susceptibility of tumor cells, especially on the induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis. First, the optimal concentration of vitamin C, which cannot induce damages on tumor cells for 36 hrs. We found that 2 mM of vitamin C did not show harmful effect. In addition, the optimal concentration of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs was examined. As a result, 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs did not induce apoptosis on tumor cells. Next, we tried to find the effect of 2 mM of vitamin C on the modulation of the susceptibility to agonistic anti-Fas Abs. When tumor cells were cultured with 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs, after pre-treatment with 2 mM of vitamin C for 24 hrs, viability of cells was decreased. Interestingly, we found that the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I was increased by the treatment of vitamin C. Taken together, vitamin C increases the susceptibility of tumor cells to anti-Fas Abs and the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I on tumor cells.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.21
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• 2024

The cytokine IL-7 plays critical and nonredundant roles in T cell immunity so that the abundance and availability of IL-7 act as key regulatory mechanisms in T cell immunity. Importantly, IL-7 is not produced by T cells themselves but primarily by non-lymphoid lineage stromal cells and epithelial cells that are limited in their numbers. Thus, T cells depend on cell extrinsic IL-7, and the amount of in vivo IL-7 is considered a major factor in maximizing and maintaining the number of T cells in peripheral tissues. Moreover, IL-7 provides metabolic cues and promotes the survival of both naïve and memory T cells. Thus, IL-7 is also essential for the functional fitness of T cells. In this regard, there has been an extensive effort trying to increase the protein abundance of IL-7 in vivo, with the aim to augment T cell immunity and harness T cell functions in anti-tumor responses. Such approaches started under experimental animal models, but they recently culminated into clinical studies, with striking effects in re-establishing T cell immunity in immunocompromised patients, as well as boosting anti-tumor effects. Depending on the design, glycosylation, and the structure of recombinantly engineered IL-7 proteins and their mimetics, recombinant IL-7 molecules have shown dramatic differences in their stability, efficacy, cellular effects, and overall immune functions. The current review is aimed to summarize the past and present efforts in the field that led to clinical trials, and to highlight the therapeutical significance of IL-7 biology as a master regulator of T cell immunity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.275-284
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• 2011

As the world population grows and developing countries become more affluent, the global consumption of meat will increase by more than 50% within the next 10 years. Confronting the increased demand for poultry food products are emerging field diseases, increasing regulatory bans of antimicrobial growth promoters, high-density growth conditions, and waste management. Although biotechnology offers solutions to some of these challenges, basic studies are needed to better understand the complex interaction between the intestinal microbiome, host immunity and the environment. This presentation will focus on emerging strategies to enhance gut immunity and to decrease economic losses due to poultry diseases. This presentation will highlight recent developments in coccidiosis research and provide information on host immunity, immunomodulation, and the latest advances in dietary and nutritional approaches against coccidiosis. Such information will magnify our understanding of host-parasite biology, mucosal immunology, and design of future nutritional interventions and vaccination strategies for coccidiosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1185-1191
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• 1992

Cell mediated immunity is depressed following surgical procedure and the degree of immunosuppression is directly related to the magintude of the procedure, blood transfusion, and length of operation. So we would expect cardiac operations to be highly immunosuppressive, although little is konwn about their immunosuppressive effect. The nearly complete consumption of complement factors and decreased levels of IgM and IgG resulting in an impaired opsonizing capacity. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts including T-and B-lymphocytes and T-cell subsets are reduced. Depression of cell-mediated immunity following open-heart surgery is potentially detrimental because it could increase the susceptability of patients to viral and bacterial infection. We reviewed 20 patients after cardiac operation to search for changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets. Lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometer and the preoperative values of lymphocyte subsets were compared with those from the first, fourth, and seventh days after operation. After cardiac operation, total mumbers of T lymphocyte was severely depressed on the first postoperative day and returned to the preoperative level by the seventh day after operation. CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes were decreased on the first postoperative day and returned to the preoperative level by the seventh day also. There was four cases of wound infection and these patients had increased CD4 lympocyte and more decreased CD19 lymphocyte compared with the non-infected group. It is concluded from these data that cell-mediated immunity is significantly depressed for at least one week following open-heart surgery and this result was closely related to the postoperative infection.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.148-156
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• 2004

In order to searched for the ways of use for distilled liquid of Cervus Elaphus Xanthopgus, the study examined the difference of immunological efficiency generally raised in the existing extracted liquid and distilled liquid of Cervus Elaphus Xanthopgus. As seen from the above results, both the extracted liquid of Cervus Elaphus Xanthopgus and distilled liquid have remarkable efficiency in the increase of cells, the efficient condition of immunity activation degree, the effect of anti-cancer possibly formed by these two and activation of cells and organism, in which distilled liquid in the beginning and the extracted liquid later tend to show its efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.296-299
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• 2008

The effects of radio frequency (RF) source power for decoupled plasma nitridation (DPN) process on the electrical properties and Fowler-Nordheim (FN) stress immunity of the oxynitride gate dielectrics for deep nano-technology devices has been investigated. With increase of RF source power, the threshold voltage (Vth) of a NMOS transistor(TR) decreased and that of a PMOS transistor increased, indicating that the increase of nitrogen incorporation in the oxynitride layer due to higher RF source power induced more positive fixed charges. The improved off-current characteristics and wafer uniformity of PMOS Vth were observed with higher RF source power. FN stress immunity, however, has been degenerated with increasing RF source power, which was attributed to the increased trap sites in the oxynitride layer. With the experimental results, we could optimize the DPN process minimizing the power consumption of a device and satisfying the gate oxide reliability.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.95-102
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to prove the effect of GamiBangkeehwangkee-tang (f$\acute{a}$ngj$\check{i}$hu$\acute{a}$ngq$\acute{i}$-t$\bar{a}$ng, BHT) ethanol extract on the immunity and rheumatoid arthritis related inflammatory cytokines. Methods : We checked viability in RAW 264.7 cell after treat by BHT. Then we measured inflammatory and immunity factors of DBA/1 mice with rheumatoid arthritis induced by collagen after BHT oral administration. Also, we checked micro-CT image, bone volume and bone inflammation ratio in micro-CT and structural parameter test. Results : BHT showed cell viability of 95% or higher in all concentration in RAW 264.7 cells. BHT treated group decreased level in serum of IgM and IgG test by 36% and 25% respectively. And BHT treated group showed significant decrease in WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocytes immune cell ratio in blood by 47%, 22%, 56% and 85% respectively. Also, BHT treated group decreased level in serum of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and hs-CRP tests by 29%, 33%, 32%, 24% and 56% respectively. Finally, BHT treated group showed increase ratio of bone volume that decrease ratio of bone inflammation. Conclusions : In this study, the results were observed rheumatoid arthritis factors cytokine decrease in serum. And BHT showed immunoglobulin and immune cells ratio decrease in serum and blood. Also, BHT depending on effects of inflammatory and immunity in hs-CRP test, micro-CT, structural parameter test. Thus, these results can used as a effective drug of BHT for inflammation and immunity.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2002

Mice immunized with equine herpesvirus type-1(EHV-1) L-particles skewed a significant increase (p<7.75) in serum antibody titers. Upon a booster dose four weeks lateral antibody titers increased significantly. Interestingly, immunization via intravenous or intramuscular route induced significantly higher (p<0.75) antibody titers. However, mice iummunized with UV-treated L-particles, visions or immunization via intranasal route induced lower antibody titers. Upon challenge inoculation with wildtype EHV-1, our data showed there was a poor correlation between antibody titers and protection against virus replication. Therefore, the role of cell-mediated immunity Inwards protection was investigated. As predicted, the strongest cell-mediated immunity, as measured by delayed-hypersensitivity test, was detected in mice immunized with live virus particles. The magnitude of cell-mediated immune response correlated with the efficacy of L-particles as immunizing agent. The highest efficacy, as indicated in mice immunized via intranasal routed was highly correlated with cell-mediated immunity. A similar phenomenon was also demonstrated in mice immunized intranasally with UV-treated L-particles. However, the degree of protection was reduced when mice immunized intravenously or intramuscularly with UV-treated L-particles. In conclusion, protection conferred in these animals was highly implicated by immune cells and the least by antibodies. The route of immunization and the nature of the antigen also contributed to the efficacy of L-particles as immunizing agent. In contrast to that of herpes simplex virus type 1, our data showed EHV-1 non-infectious L-particles are highly suitable for immunization of the host against EHV-1 disease.