• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.829-835
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• 2014

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by dysregulation of colon mucosal immunity and mucosal epithelial barrier function. Recent studies have reported that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Lactobacillus plantarum K8 reduces excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokine. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally pretreated with lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 (low dose or high dose) or live Lb. plantarum K8 prior to the induction of colitis using 4% DSS. Disease progression was monitored by assessment of disease activity index (DAI). Histological changes of colonic tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The colon mRNA expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and toll like receptor-2 (TLR-2) were examined by quantitative real-time-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 suppressed colon shortening, edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of DSS-induced crypts. The groups that received lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 exhibited significantly decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 in the colon. Interestingly, colonic expression of toll like receptor-2 mRNA in the high-dose lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 group increased significantly. Our study demonstrates the protective effects of oral lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 administration on DSS-induced colitis via the modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators of the mucosal immune system.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.156-169
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• 2002

Objectives : This experimental study was performed to prove the effect of Ikryung-Tang (yiling-tang; IRT) and Ikryung-tangkamibang (yiling-tangjiaweifang; IRT I, IRT II) on rats with nephrosis induced by a single intravenous injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). Methods : The effects of IRT, IRT I and IRT II on PAN nephrosis were evaluated by measuring the gene expression of IL-4, $IFN-{\gamma}$ and the concentrations of IgE, albumin, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, and BUN in the serum and the volume & amount of protein of the 24hrs' urine. Results : In the gene expression linked T cell specialization, IRT II inhibited IL-4 and IgE but IRT and IRT I showed no significant difference compared with control group. On the other hand, IRT, IRT I and IRT II increased $IFN-{\gamma}$ compared with the control group. In the urine protein, serum albumin, total protein, BUN, and creatinine, IRT I especially showed more. significant effect than other groups. In the serum cholesterol and triglyceride, IRT II especially showed more significant effect than other groups. In the urine volume during 24 hrs, IRT especially showed more significant effect than other groups. Conclusions : According to the above results, it is suggested that IRT is effective for the treatment of edema, IRT I is effective for the treatment of hypoproteinemia and kidney dysfunction, IRT II is effective for immune modulation and the treatment of cholesteremia. Therefore IRT, IRT I and IRT II seem to be available for treating nephrosis in clinical practice.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.313-316
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• 2011

We isolated and identified a novel probiotic strain, Lactobacillus sakei proBio65 from Kimchi. To determine whether L. sakei proBio65 has an immunomodulatory effect, we investigated cells via an in vitro screening system which co-cultured freshly isolated mesenteric lymphocyte with probiotics. A significant increase of $Foxp3^+$ transcription regulatory factor expression was observed, followed by an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines transcription regulatory factor. L. sakei proBio65 exhibited high levels of the IL-10/IL-12 production ratio and enhanced Foxp3 expression in vitro. L. sakei proBio65 may thus be therapeutically useful for the modulation of inflammatory immune disorders.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.463-468
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• 2000

Anthrax lethal toxin, which consists of two separate protein, protective antigen (83 KDa) and lethal factor (85 KDa) is responsible for major symptoms and death from systemic infection of Bacillus anthracis. High concentrations of this toxin are cytolytic to macrophages, whereas sublytic concentrations of lethal toxin induce these cells to produce interleukin $1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$). It is proposed that melatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may play an important role in modifying immune dysfunction. In this study, we investigated whether or not melatonin and DHEA could prevent $IL-1{\beta}$ production that is induced by anthrax lethal toxin in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Treatment of melatonin or DHEA alone, as well as together, prevented the production of $IL-1{\beta}$ caused by anthrax lethal toxin. We found that melatonin at a concentration of $10^{-6}-10^{-7}$ M inhibits $IL-1{\beta}$ production induced by anthrax lethal toxin. As expect, treatment of DHEA at a concentration $10^{-6}-10^{-7}$ M also suppressed production of $IL-1{\beta}$ by lethal toxin stimulated macrophages. The results of these studies suggest that melatonin and DHEA, immunomodulators, may have an important role in reducing the increase of cytokine production in anthrax lethal toxin-treated macrophages.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2017

Background: Periodontitis is generally a chronic disorder characterized by the breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues. P. gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic rod, is one of the major pathogens associated with periodontitis. Frequently, P. gingivalis infection leads to cell death. However, the correlation between P. gingivalis-induced cell death and periodontal inflammation remains to be elucidated. Among cell deaths, the death of immune cells appears to play a significant role in inflammatory response. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine P. gingivalis-induced cell death, focusing on autophagy and apoptosis in THP-1 cells. Methods: Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) was used for all experiments. Autophagy induced by P. gingivalis in THP-1 cells was examined by Cyto ID staining. Intracellular autophagic vacuoles were observed by fluorescence microscopy using staining Acridine orange (AO); and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was used to inhibit autophagy. Total cell death was measured by LDH assay. Cytokine production was measured by an ELISA method. Results: P. gingivalis induced autophagy in an MOI-dependent manner in THP-1 cells, but 3-MA treatment decreased autophagy and increased the apoptotic blebs. P. gingivalis infection did not increase apoptosis compared to the control cells, whereas inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA significantly increased apoptosis in P. gingivalis-infected THP-1 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA also increased total cell deaths and inflammatory cytokine production, including $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Conclusion: P. gingivalis induced autophagy in THP-1 cells, but the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA stimulated apoptosis, leading to increased cell deaths and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Hence, the modulation of cell deaths may provide a mechanism to fight against invading microorganisms in host cells and could be a promising way to control inflammation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.450-457
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• 2015

Medicinal mushrooms have been used worldwide to treat cancer and modulate the immune system. Over the last several years, there has been increasing interest in isolating bioactive compounds from medicinal mushrooms and evaluating their health beneficial effects. Fomes fomentarius is used in traditional oriental medicine and is known to possess antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, and antitumor effects. In the present study, we isolated fomentariol from Fomes fomentarius and investigated its anti-inflammatory effect in murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) stimulated with lipopolysaccharides. Fomentariol inhibited the production of nitric oxide and intracellular reactive oxygen species triggered by lipopolysaccharides. Interestingly, fomentariol differentially regulated cytokine production triggered by lipopolysaccharides. Fomentariol effectively suppressed the production of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and interleukin-6 but not tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$. The inhibitory effect of fomentariol against nitric oxide, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, and interleukin-6 production was possibly mediated by downregulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that fomentariol differentially modulated inflammatory responses triggered by lipopolysaccharides in macrophages and is one of the bioactive compounds that mediate the physiological effects of Fomes fomentarius.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2005

Pollen has been used for prevention or treatment of certain diseases such as diabetes arthritis or cancer in traditional medicine. Among various pollens, pine tree pollen is known to relieve hypertension, suppress fatty liver progression, and facilitate the digestion, but its immunological activities are less known. To evaluate immunological reactivities and immunotoxicities of pine tree pollen, BALB/c mice were administered to the poller through oral route. Pine tree pollen suspended in distilled water or extracted with methanol has been administered at the concentration of 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg five days per week for four weeks. Polyclonal activation of splenic T cells with phytohemagglutinins did not induce a significant difference in IL-4 and $IFN_{\gamma}$ production between the pollen-administered mice groups and the control mice. Furthermore, polyclonal activation of splenic B cells with lipopolysaccharides did not result a significant difference in IgG1 and IgG2a production among the groups. These findings imply that the intake of pine tree pollen does not bring any humoral and cellular immune-dysrequlation. Whereas, viability of Listeria monocytogenes was suppressed in the mice administered with 100 mg/kg bw methanol extract, indicating the potential ability of pine tree pollen to enhance cell-mediated immunity mediated by type-1 helper T cells. In addition, aberrant upregulation of plasma IgG1 level was observed in the pollen-administered mice, which suggests a possibility of allergic response induction through the pine tree pollen uptake. Overall, pine tree pollen-mediated modulation of humoral or cellular immunity is worthy of further systematic investigation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.669-674
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• 1997

This study was attempted to express human lactoferrin gene that has importance as a functional additive in food industry. Lactoferrin has distinctive antibacterial properties. Also, a number of phy-siological roles have been postulated for the lactoferrin in the modulation of immune and inflamatory responses and as a growth factor. Since it did not show feasible growth inhibition by antimicrobial test against HLF, Pichia pastoris was selected the best lactoferrin expression host. HLF expression plasmid pHIL-SI was integrated into the genomic DNA of P. pastoris GSl15. The integration was confirmed not only with 2.4Kb fragment of HLF gene by PCR(polymerase chain reaction) product, but also with same size of specific signal by southern blotting. Among the various pichica transformants, the JY-1 cell showed a positive response for the expression of HLF by the immunoblotting anaysis. The recombinant HLF protein was started to be secreated at 48hr of culture and reached at the highest secreation level at 96hr.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.157-163
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• 2012

Pleurotus eryngii. one of the most popular edible mushrooms, has been well known for its biological activities such as antioxidation, antitumor and immune modulation. Spent coffee ground(SCG) that is a waste product from the coffee industry has been continuously investigated for its reutilization. In this study, SCG was added to the fungal cultuvation medium and analyzed for its effect on the growth and physiological activity of P. eryngii mycelia. It was clearly demonstrated that SCG could accelarate mycelia growth. 1% SCG culture was very notable by showing 2.5-fold higher dry cell weight comapred to the control culture, which suggested SCG as an excellent activator for the growth of P. eryngii mycelia. By the addition of SCG, polyphenol content was increased by two fold but there was no change in polysaccharide content. In the analysis of DPPH scavenging activity, SCG was determined as a valuable source in order to significantly increase the antioxidative activity of the mycelium.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

Dairy cow undergoes major adaptations in glucose and lipid metabolism to meet fetal and mammary nutrient requirements during the periparturient period. These adaptations are characterized by major changes in response to the homeostatic signal of insulin. In response to insulin, fatty acids are mobilized to meet energy demand. And cow develop insulin resistance during the late prepartum period to facilitate glucose sparing for the fetus and mammary gland. Insulin resistance is an important adaptation and may be partly responsible for the large increase in plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) that occurs prior to parturition and coincides with the characteristic decrease in dry matter intake (DMI). Modulation of insulin resistance by administration of thiazolidinedione (TZD) during the periparturient period, likely through the activation of $PPAR{\gamma}$, has substantial potential to minimize energy and immune-related metabolic disorders, and thus may result in increased productivity and improved health of dairy cows.