• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.473-480
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• 2022

Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, play essential roles in the innate immune system. As key innate immune cells, neutrophils detect intrusion of pathogens and initiate immune cascades with their functions; swarming (arresting), cytokine production, degranulation, phagocytosis, and projection of neutrophil extracellular trap. Because of their short lifespan and consumption during immune response, neutrophils need to be generated consistently, and generation of newborn neutrophils (granulopoiesis) should fulfill the environmental/systemic demands for training in cases of infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that neutrophils also play important roles in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-mediated immune responses end with apoptosis of the cells, and proper phagocytosis of the apoptotic body (efferocytosis) is crucial for initial and post resolution by producing tolerogenic innate/adaptive immune cells. However, inflammatory cues can impair these cascades, resulting in systemic immune activation; necrotic/pyroptotic neutrophil bodies can aggravate the excessive inflammation, increasing inflammatory macrophage and dendritic cell activation and subsequent T_H1/T_H17 responses contributing to the regulation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In this review, we briefly introduce recent studies of neutrophil function as players of immune response.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.127-132
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• 2007

The innate immune response which is seen as the initial defense mechanism induced upon foreign invasion has been well documented in higher vertebrates. This has also been observed in fish infected with NNV. However, the fish immune system based on fully established genome project has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, in this review, we hope to correlate NNV infection in fish that has devastated the aquaculture industry, to its host immune system. Further, we discuss the potential preventive measures in overcoming the widespread of this neurodisease.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.221-230
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• 1992

In order to investigate the effects of shipjuntaepotang (少陰人 十全大補湯) on immune response, the author performed this experimental study. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and rosette forming cells (RFC) for cell-mediated immune response, hemagglutinin (HA) titers, hemolysin (HL) titers, and carbon clearance for phagocytic function of MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system) were measured in ICR mice. The results were summarized as follows. 1. DTH in the experimental group was increased, as compared with the control group, with statistical significance. 2. RFC in the experimental group was increased, as compared with the control group, with statistical significance. 3. HA-titers were increased in the experimental group, as compared with the control group, with statistical significance. 4. HL-titers were increased in the experimental group, as compared with the control group, with statistical significance. 5. Carbon clearance was increased in the experimental group, as compared with the control group, with statistical significance. Through invivo experimental study in ICR mice, these findings suggest that shipjuntaepo-tang enhance both cellmediated and humoral immune responce.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07d
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• pp.2824-2826
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• 2002

Immune system is an evolutionary biological system to protect innumerable foreign materials such as virus, germ cell, and etcetera. Immune algorithm is the modeling of this systems response that has adaptation and reliability when disturbance occur. In this paper, immune algorithm is proposed to control four wheels steering AGV(Automated Guided Vehicle) in container yard. The adaptive immune system is applied to the PID controller. For design the PID controller using immune algorithm, we tune PID parameters by off-line manner, in order to avoid the damage from abrupt control force. Repeatedly, the PID parameters are adjusted to be accurate by on-line fine tuner of immune algorithm. And then the computer simulation result from the viewpoint of yaw rate and lateral displacement are analyzed and compared with result of conventional PID controller.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bioinformatics Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.344-347
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• 2005

Helper T(Th) cells regulate immune response by producing various kinds of cytokines in response to antigen stimulation. The regulatory functions of Th cells are promoted by their differentiation into two distinct subsets, Th1 and Th2 cells. Th1 cells are involved in inducing cellular immune response by activating cytotoxic T cells. Th2 cells trigger B cells to produce antibodies, protective proteins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances. Because cellular and humoral immune responses have quite different roles in protecting the host from foreign substances, Th cell differentiation is a crucial event in the immune response. The destiny of a naive Th cell is mainly controlled by cytokines such as IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-${\gamma}$. To understand the mechanism of Th cell differentiation, many mathematical models have been proposed. One of the most difficult problems in mathematical modeling is to find appropriate kinetic parameters needed to complete a model. However, it is relatively easy to get qualitative or linguistic knowledge of a model dynamics. To incorporate such knowledge into a model, we propose a novel approach, fuzzy continuous Petri nets extending traditional continuous Petri net by adding new types of places and transitions called fuzzy places and fuzzy transitions. This extension makes it possible to perform fuzzy inference with fuzzy places and fuzzy transitions acting as kinetic parameters and fuzzy inference systems between input and output places, respectively.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.587-599
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• 2017

The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the $CD4^+$ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, $INF-{\gamma}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, and $PGE_2$, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.711-721
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• 2022

The immune system is one of the most important parts of the human body and immunomodulation is the major function of the immune system. In response to outside pathogens or high inflammation, the immune system is stimulated or suppressed. Thus, identifying effective and potent immunostimulants or immunosuppressants is critical. Ginsenosides are a type of steroid saponin derived from ginseng. Most are harmless to the body and even have tonic effects. In this review, we mainly focus on the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of two types ginsenosides: the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type. PPT-type ginsenosides include Rg1, Rg2, Rh4, Re and notoginsenoside R1, and PPD-type ginsenosides include Rg3, Rh2, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, compound K (CK) and PPD, which activate the immune responses. In addition, Rg1 and Rg6 belong to PPT-type ginsenosides and together with Rg3, Rb1, Rd, CK show immunosuppressive properties. Current explorations of ginsenosides in immunological areas are in the preliminary stages. Therefore, this review may provide some novel ideas to researchers who study the immunoregulatory roles of ginsenosides.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.946-953
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• 2002

Bisphenol A [2, 2 bis (4-hydoxyphenyl) propane; BPA] is a widely used endocrine disruptors and has estrogenic: activities. Although interests on biological effect of BPA are rising, evidences of its effect on immune system are lacking. We investigated that the effect of BPA on immune parameters to postulate the mechanism, and BPA interruptions between neuroendocrine and immune system. BPA was administrated to mice by p.o. (as a drinking water) dose on 0.015, 1.5 and 30 mg/ml for 4 weeks. The BPA treatment did not result in any change in body weight, spleen weight and distribution of lymphocyte subpopulation collected from spleen. BPA induced prolactin production in spleen, and exposure of SPA increased the activity of splenocyte proliferation in response to Con A (p<0.001). The production of a strong Th-1 type cytokine ($IFN-{\gamma}$) was induced while Th-2 type (IL-4) was suppressed by SPA treatment. These were consistent with RT-PCR results of transcription factor GATA-3 and IRF-1. These findings suggested that stimulation of prolactin production by estrogenic effects of SPA would affect cytokine profiles, and lead to imbalanced cellular immune response. In addition, we could speculate that prolactin and cytokine is important mediator involved in network between neuroendocrine and immune system by BPA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.399-404
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• 2005

In this paper, An immunized PID(I-PID) controller based on cell mediated immune response is proposed to improve the control performance of the controller with PID scheme. And it is applied to the vibration of the building structure in the port with active damper systems. The immune system of organism in the real body regulates the antibody and T-cells to protect the attack from the foreign materials which are virus, germ cell, and other antigens. It has similar characteristics that are the adaptation and robustness to overcome disturbances and to control the plant of engineering application. At firstly, we build a model of the T-cell regulated immune response mechanism. We have also designed an I-PID controller focusing on the T-cell regulated immune response of biological immune system. Finally, we show that some computer simulations of the vibraton control for the building structure system with wind force excitation. These results for the proposed method also show that is has performance than other conventional controller design method.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.408-421
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• 2021

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only affected human health but also diverted the focus of research and derailed the world economy over the past year. Recently, vaccination against COVID-19 has begun, but further studies on effective therapeutic agents are still needed. The severity of COVID-19 is attributable to several factors such as the dysfunctional host immune response manifested by uncontrolled viral replication, type I interferon suppression, and release of impaired cytokines by the infected resident and recruited cells. Due to the evolving pathophysiology and direct involvement of the host immune system in COVID-19, the use of immune-modulating drugs is still challenging. For the use of immune-modulating drugs in severe COVID-19, it is important to balance the fight between the aggravated immune system and suppression of immune defense against the virus that causes secondary infection. In addition, the interplaying events that occur during virus-host interactions, such as activation of the host immune system, immune evasion mechanism of the virus, and manifestation of different stages of COVID-19, are disjunctive and require thorough streamlining. This review provides an update on the immunotherapeutic interventions implemented to combat COVID-19 along with the understanding of molecular aspects of the immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may provide opportunities to develop more effective and promising therapeutics.