• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2008년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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• pp.23-25
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• 2008

Serum complement proteins comprise an important system that is responsible for several innate and adaptive immune defence mechanisms. There were three well described pathways known to lead to the generation of a C3 convertase, which catalyses the proteolysis of complement component C3, and leads to the formation of C3 opsonins (C3b, iC3b and C3d) that fix to bacteria. A pivotal step in the complement pathway is the assembly of a C3 convertase, which digests the C3 complement component to form microbial-binding C3 fragments recognized by leukocytes. The spleen clears microorganisms from the blood. Individuals lacking this organ are more susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Innate resistance to S. pneumoniae has previously been shown to involve complement components C3 and C4, however this resistance has only a partial requirement for mediators of these three pathways, such as immunoglobulin, factor B and mannose-binding lectin. Therefore it was likely that spleen and complement system provide resistance against blood-borne S. pneumoniae infection through unknown mechanism. To better understand the mechanisms involved, we studied Specific intracellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin (SIGN)-R1. SIGN-R1, is a C-type lectin that is expressed at high levels by spleen marginal-zone macrophages and lymph-node macrophages. SIGN-R1 has previously been shown to be the main receptor for bacterial dextrans, as well as for the capsular pneumococcal polysaccharide (CPS) of S. pneumoniae. We examined the specific role of this receptor in the activation of complement. Using a monoclonal antibody that selectively downregulates SIGN-R1 expression in vivo, we show that in response to S. pneumoniae or CPS, SIGN-R1 mediates the immediate proteolysis of C3 and fixation of C3 opsonins to S. pneumoniae or to marginal-zone macrophages that had taken up CPS. These data indicate that SIGN-R1 is largely responsible for the rapid C3 convertase formation induced by S. pneumoniae in the spleen of mice. Also, we found that SIGN-R1 directly binds C1q and that C3 fixation by SIGN-R1 requires C1q and C4 but not factor B or immunoglobulin. Traditionally C3 convertase can be formed by the classical C1q- and immunoglobulin-dependent pathway, the alternative factor-B-dependent pathway and the soluble mannose-binding lectin pathway. Furthermore Conditional SIGN-R1 knockout mice developed deficits in C3 catabolism when given S. pneumoniae or its capsular polysaccharide intravenously. There were marked reductions in proteolysis of serum C3, deposition of C3 on organisms within SIGN-$R1^+$ spleen macrophages, and formation of C3 ligands. The transmembrane lectin SIGN-R1 therefore contributes to innate resistance by an unusual C3 activation pathway. We propose that in the SIGN-R1 mediated complement activation pathway, after binding to polysaccharide, SIGN-R1 captures C1q. SIGN-R1 can then, in association with several other complement proteins including C4, lead to the formation of a C3 convertase and fixation of C3. Therefore, this new pathway for C3 fixation by SIGN-R1, which is unusual as it is a classical C1q-dependent pathway that does not require immuno globulin, contributes to innate immune resistance to certain encapsulated microorganisms.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.580-592
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• 2020

Background: Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (thereafter called ginseng) has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years to maintain people's physical vitality and is also a non-organ-specific cancer preventive and therapeutic traditional medicine in several epidemiologic and preclinical studies. Owing to few toxic side effects and strong enhancement on body immunity, ginseng has admirable application potential and value in cancer chemoprevention. The study aims at investigating the chemopreventive effects of ginseng on cutaneous carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The mouse skin cancer model was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for identifying various ginsenosides, the main active ingredients of ginseng. Comprehensive approaches (including network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental verification) were used to explore the potential targets of ginseng. Results: Ginseng treatment inhibited cutaneous carcinoma in terms of initiation and promotion. The content of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd ginsenosides was the highest in both mouse blood and skin tissues. Ginseng and its active components well maintained the redox homeostasis and modulated the immune response in the model. Specifically, ginseng treatment inhibited the initiation of skin cancer by enhancing T-cell-mediated immune response through upregulating HSP27 expression and inhibited the promotion of skin cancer by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Conclusion: According to the study results, ginseng can be potentially used for cutaneous carcinoma as a chemopreventive agent by enhancing cell-mediated immunity and maintaining redox homeostasis with multiple components, targets, and links.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2003

Numerous physiological effects are attributed to conjugated linoleic acid(CLA). The purpose of this study is to consider these effects with respect to the cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer. Both isomers are natural products. The c9,t11-CLA isomer is the principal dietary form of CLA, but the concentrations of this isomer and the t10,c12-CLA Isomer in dairy products or beef vary depending on the diet fed to cows or steers, respectively. The influence of dietary CLA isomers on the immune response was examined, body weight and weight ratio of organ to body of Balb/C mice. Mice were divided into four groups of 8 mice. Balb/C mice were fed the experimental diets supplemented with 1% CLA (c9,t11-CLA isomer : t10,c12-CLA isomer = 2:3) (Group 1), 1% CLA (c9,t11-CLA isomer t10,c12-CLA isomer : 1:1) (Group 2), 1% safflower oil (Group 3) or nothing (Control) for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, serum, gut lumen lavage, fat, liver, spleen and thymus were taken. Measurement of total immunoglobulin were executed using sandwich ELISA. Serum levels of IgA and IgM showed that group fed with t10,c12-CLA isomer significantly were higher than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. In addition serum level of IgG showed that group fed with t10,c9-CLA isomer significantly were lower than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. However, no significantly differences were observed in the serum IgE and secretory IgA. Weight ratio of spleen to body showed no significant differences. In weight ratio of liver and thymus to body, tl0,c9-CLA isomer significantly were respectively higher than group fed with c9,t11-CLA isomer. In weight ratio of fat to body, tl0,c9-CLA isomer significantly were respectively lower than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. In conclusion, t10,c12-CLA isomer produced a situation favorable for immunopotentiative effect and body composition. But it should be protected against hepatomegaly induced lipid accumulation in liver.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권11호
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• pp.1629-1636
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 신령버섯의 면역기능 개선 효과를 마우스를 이용한 동물 모델에서 면역기관의 무게와 세포증식, 자연살해세포 활성, 사이토카인 분비능을 측정하고 대식세포 증식과 활성을 측정하여 평가하였다. BALB/c 마우스에 저(4 mg/kg), 중(20 mg/kg), 고(100 mg/kg) 농도의 신령버섯을 21일간 경구로 투여하였다. 마우스를 희생하여 체중 및 면역장기 무게, 비장세포의 증식과 사이토카인 생성, 자연살해세포의 활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과 신령버섯은 마우스의 체중, 간, 비장, 흉선의 무게에 영향을 주지 않았으며, 비장세포의 증식에 유의한 효과가 없었다. 또한 비장세포의 IL-4과 IL-12 생성을 억제하였으며, 마우스 자연살해세포의 활성을 현저하게 증가시켰다. 정상 마우스에서 분리한 비장세포에 신령버섯을 처리한 in vitro 실험에서는 신령버섯 $5{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$에서 농도 의존적으로 비장세포의 증식과 $IFN-{\gamma}$ 생성을 증가시켰다. 신령버섯은 대식세포인 RAW 264.7 세포의 증식을 $100{\mu}g/mL$ 농도까지 농도 의존적으로 증가시켰으며, 대식세포에 의한 NO의 생성을 농도 의존적으로 증가시켰다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 신령버섯을 마우스에 3주간 투여하면 동물의 체중, 면역장기의 무게와 면역세포의 증식에는 영향을 미치지 않지만 자연살해세포의 활성을 70% 가량 증가시키며 IL-4와 IL-12의 생성을 억제한다. 정상 마우스에서 분리한 비장세포에 신령버섯을 처리하면 세포증식과 $IFN-{\gamma}$ 분비가 증가되고, 대식세포인 RAW 264.7 세포의 증식과 NO 생성이 증가된다. 따라서 신령버섯은 바이러스에 감염된 세포나 암세포를 죽이는 자연살해세포와 대식세포의 활성을 증가시켜 면역반응 조절에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.420-426
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• 1999

한국 양식산업에서 중요한 어종인 넙치 (Paralichthys olivaceus) 포르말린으로 처리한 E. tarda를 항원으로 하였을 때의 면역반응 분석을 위하여 ELISPOT 기법을 적정화시킨 후 넙치의 각 장기에 있는 총 항체생성세포와 특이 항체생성세포를 계수하는데 응용하고자 하였다. 전신과 비장의 항체생성세포를 2.5시간 이상 96 well plate에 배양하면 충분히 분석이 가능하였다. 그러나 총 또는 특이 항체생성세포 분석을 위하여 과량의 토끼 항 넙치 면역글로불린 또는 E. tarda 항원을 plate에 coating하는 것은 오히려 ELISPOT법의 감도를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. ELISPOT법의 특이성은 단백질 합성 억제제인 cycloheximide를 처리한 임파세포에서 총 항체생성세포가 발견되지 않는 것으로서 입증할 수 있었다. 특이 항체생성세포 수의 최대치는 면역 3주째에 나타났으며 이후 계속 빠르게 감소하여 7주째는 거의 발견되지 않았다. 이러한 반응은 신장과 비장에서 유사하게 나타나 임파장기에 따른 차이점은 발견할 수 없었다. 면역 후 2주와 3주 사이에 혈청내 특이 항체량 또한 빠르게 증가하여 ELISPOT법으로 분석된 특이 항체생성세포 수의 변화와 일치함을 발견할 수 있었다. 그러나 증가된 혈청내 특이 항체량이 면역 5주부터 실험 종료 시점까지 계속 높은 수준으로 유지되고 있는 것은 급격한 감소를 보이는 특이 항체생성세포의 동력학적 변화와는 명확히 구별되는 점이었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.430-438
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• 2019

본 연구는 황칠추출물과 청국장의 기능성 강화를 위해 황칠추출물이 첨가된 청국장의 면역 활성 효능을 검증하고자 실시하였다. 황칠추출물 250, 500, 750 mg/kg 투여군, 청국장 400 mg/kg 투여군, 청국장 400 mg/kg에 황칠추출물 500 mg/kg을 첨가한 투여군으로 나누어 9주간 마우스에 경구 투여 한 후 체중 및 장기무게, 항체 생산 세포 수, 혈청 면역글로불린의 농도를 측정하고 지라의 조직을 검사하였다. 황칠추출물과 황칠추출물을 첨가한 청국장의 투여가 수컷 마우스의 체중과 장기무게에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 모든 투여군에서 체중과 각 장기의 무게는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 양적혈구에 대한 항체 생산 세포 수 측정에서는 황칠추출물 250 mg/kg과 500 mg/kg 투여군에서 유의성 있게 증가하였으며, 림프구은 황칠추출물 500 mg/kg 투여군이 대조군보다 증가하였다. 황칠추출물 500 mg/kg을 첨가한 청국장 400 mg/kg 투여군은 대조군에 비교하여 IgG 수치가 증가하였으며, 지라 조직 검사결과 백색수질의 증가가 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 황칠추출물의 영향으로 황칠 추출물을 첨가한 청국장이 생체 내 면역기능 활성에 효과가 있음을 나타내며 향후 다양한 기능성식품 개발 가능성과 면역증진 식품 소재로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1241-1251
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• 2023

Objective: Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) is an antibiotic alternative to prevent and fight intestinal pathogenic infections. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium alginate/chitosan/sodium alginate IgY microcapsules on the growth performance, serum parameters, and intestinal health of broiler chickens. Methods: One-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were divided into five treatments, each with 10 replicates of five chickens. The dietary treatments were maintained for 28 days and consisted of a basal diet (NC), basal diet + 500 mg chlortetracycline/kg diet (CH), basal diet + 50 mg non-microencapsulated IgY/kg diet (NM), basal diet + 600 mg low levels microencapsulated IgY/kg diet (LM), and basal diet + 700 mg high levels microencapsulated IgY/kg diet (HM). Results: Throughout the 28-day trial period, the NM, LM, HM, and CH groups increased average daily gain compared with the NC group (p<0.05), and the HM group reduced feed conversion ratio compared with the CH group (p<0.05). The LM and HM groups increased relative organ weights of thymus and spleen compared with the CH and NM groups (p<0.05). The HM group improved the duodenal, jejunal and ileum villi height (VH) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) compared with the CH and NM groups (p<0.05). Compared with the CH group, the HM group increased serum immunoglobulin (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase levels (p<0.05), and decreased serum malondialdehyde levels (p<0.05). Compared with the NC group, the NM, LM, HM, and CH groups reduced colonic Escherichia coli and Salmonella levels (p<0.05). and the HM group promoted the levels of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria compared with the CH group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Microencapsulation could be considered as a way to improve the efficiency of IgY. The 700 mg high levels microencapsulated IgY/kg diet could potentially be used as an alternative to antibiotics to improve the immune performance and intestinal health, leading to better performance of broiler chickens.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.25.1-25.16
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• 2021

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease whose development is shaped by a variety of environmental and genetic factors. While several recent studies suggest that microbial dysbiosis in the gut may promote asthma, little is known about the relationship between the recently discovered lung microbiome and asthma. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have also been shown recently to participate in asthma. To investigate the relationship between the lung microbiome, ILCs, and asthma, we recruited 23 healthy controls (HC), 42 patients with non-severe asthma, and 32 patients with severe asthma. Flow cytometry analysis showed severe asthma associated with fewer natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR)⁺ILC3s in the lung. Similar changes in other ILC subsets, macrophages, and monocytes were not observed. The asthma patients did not differ from the HC in terms of the alpha and beta-diversity of the lung and gut microbiomes. However, lung function correlated positively with both NCR⁺ILC3 frequencies and microbial diversity in the lung. Sputum NCR⁺ILC3 frequencies correlated positively with lung microbiome diversity in the HC, but this relationship was inversed in severe asthma. Together, these data suggest that airway NCR⁺ILC3s may contribute to a healthy commensal diversity and normal lung function.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.515-527
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• 1996

The most serious problem resulting from estrogen deficiency induce osteo porosis. Recently, they make efforts to inquire a relation between hematopoietic organ and bone loss due to estrogen deficiency. Estrogen have an effect on growth and formation of skeletal system, and inhibit bone resorption under the influence of osteoblast and osteoclast, and basically inhibit the increase of hematopoietic progenitor and immune factor connected with bone resorption and prevent the osteoid formation. The purpose of this article was to observe the change of spleen and effect on hematopoietic function following estrogen administration. In this study, female rats of 150g weight was ovariectomized, after 70 days, experimental group was injected estrogen at interval of a week and sacrificed on 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks. Control group was sacrificed after ovariectomy on 11, 12, 13, 14, 16 weeks without estrogen injection, and normal rats were sacrificed for harvest of spleen and femur. Paraffin sections and H&E stain was performed, and observed under light microscope. The obtained results were as follows. 1. From 11 to 12 weeks at bone marrow of control group, hematopoietic cells were decreased in comparison with normal group, and lipid infiltration was seen, and irregular bone remodelling was seen after 13 weeks. From 14 to 16 weeks, there were more decreased hematopoietic cells and lipid degeneration, and lipid degeneration of hematopoietic cells appeared. 2. All the bone marrow of experimental group, the structure of hematopoietic cells with decreased lipid infiltration was recovered from 2 weeks of estrogen adminstration and maintained to 6 weeks. 3. At spleen of control group, borders of white and red pulp was not well demarcated, and size of white pulp was decreased. 4. At spleen of experimental group, borders between white and red pulp have been well demarcated from 3 weeks of estrogen adminstration relatively, and white pulp was increased with distinct border. From above findings, we could regarded that estrogen deficiency due to ovariectomy influenced on hematopoietic cells of bone marrow and spleen, and histologic recovery of hematopoietic cells were observed after 3 weeks of estrogen adminstration even if it was not reach to normal group.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.342-351
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• 2013

Advances in immunosuppressive treatments and microsurgical techniques have rendered composite tissues allotransplantation (CTA), such as heteregeneous or non-organ tissues, possible in humans. CTA has evolved dramatically since the first successful rat hind limb allotransplantation. Numerous clinical applications including face, hand, trachea, larynx, and vascularized joint have been performed. Although composite tissue allografts are still in their infancy, they have opened a new era in the field of transplantation surgery and pathology, so that maxillofacial reconstructive surgeons may occasionally be faced with the challenge of diagnosing skin refection of a composite tissue allograft. Facial allotransplantation (FAT) is a new surgical technique that could be considered as a new paradigm in facial reconstruction. Since the first human FAT had been achieved in 2005, 17 cases have been reported in the world up to date. However, many problems such as life-long immunosuppression, immune rejection, ethical problems and psychological problems are remained, so facial CTA is new reconstructive option with no general acceptance. The authors reviewed the indications, the results of 17 cases and their complications, and additional consideration factors in this article, and intended to raise the awareness of oral and maxillofacial surgeons in this type of facial transplantation.