• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.349-353
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• 2012

Activated T cells express inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 that can downregulate immune responses. Blockade of or genetic deficiency in CTLA-4 can result in autoimmunity. Therefore, strategies to increase the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 may be attractive in settings of undesirable T cell responses such as autoimmunity or transplant rejection. We have tested the hypothesis that transgenic constitutive expression of CTLA-4 can further attenuate immune responses when compared with normal inducible expression. Our results indicate that transgenic expression of CTLA-4 in mouse T cells (CTLA-4-Tg T cells) results in reduced cell cycle progression and increased apoptosis of TCR-stimulated T cells. CTLA-4-Tg T cells display reduced T cell proliferation in an in vivo model of graft versus host disease (GVHD). These results further our understanding of how CTLA-4 can be manipulated to inhibit immune responses and may help development of new therapeutic strategies for clinical settings of autoimmunity and transplantation.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2010

For centuries, probiotics have been known to promote health and prevent diseases. In recent times, modulation of diseases related to the immune function by probiotics has been recognized as very important to the health of the host's gut. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are the most frequently studied diseases in which probiotic administration has been tested as a potential therapy. Various in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed. The studies discussed in this review suggest several mechanisms: probiotics could modulate the gut microflora by competing with disease-causing pathogenic bacteria and could directly regulate the mucosal immune system, which activates the innate and adaptive immune systems. In addition, human clinical trials have shown alleviation of disease symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease, etc. This study aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying immune modulation by probiotics and review studies on the functional aspect of IBD alleviation by probiotics. With more scientific studies confirming the effect of probiotics, this therapy holds promise for use in alternative medicine and/or pharmaceutical preparations, given the long history of safe consumption of probiotics.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.28-38
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• 2002

Objectives : This study was to examine the efficacy of GCT on the hepatoprotective effect in the liver function and immune octivity. Methods : The experiment to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of GCT on the liver damage was conducted with D-galactosamine. The experiments to verify the effects of GCT on the immune activity were conducted by carbon clearance assay, plaque-forming cell SRBC assay of IgM, lymphoproliferation assay of T and B cells, and adherence and phagocytosis of mocrophages. Results: In the damage of liver induced by D-galactosamine, GCT carried hepatoprotective effect on AST. In carbon clearance assay GCT showed significant effect on phagocytosis of Kuffer cells. In the plaque-forming cell assay, GCT improved the formation of IgM. In the lymphoproliferation assay, GCT activated the formation of T and B lymphocytes. In macrophages, GCT activated adherence and phagocytosis. Conclusion : Though further study is needed, our findings suggest that GCT could be recommended as hepatoprotector and immune modulator for liver disease.

• BMB Reports
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.545-546
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• 2018

With emerging evidence on the importance of non-cell autonomous toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases, therapeutic strategies targeting modulation of key immune cells. including microglia and Treg cells, have been designed for treatment of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. Strategy switching the patient's environment from a pro-inflammatory toxic to an anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective condition, could be potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) regulate innate and adaptive immune cells, through release of soluble factors such as $TGF-{\beta}$ and elevation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper-2 cells (Th2 cells), would play important roles, in the neuroprotective effect on motor neuronal cell death mechanisms in ALS. Single cycle of repeated intrathecal injections of BM-MSCs demonstrated a clinical benefit lasting at least 6 months, with safety, in ALS patients. Cytokine profiles of CSF provided evidence that BM-MSCs, have a role in switching from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory conditions. Inverse correlation of $TGF-{\beta}1$ and MCP-1 levels, could be a potential biomarker to responsiveness. Thus, additional cycles of BM-MSC treatment are required, to confirm long-term efficacy and safety.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.348-354
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• 2022

Recent studies have shown that probiotics have health-promoting effects, particularly intestinal immune modulation. In this study, we focused on the immunomodulatory properties of Latilactobacillus curvatus BYB3, formerly called Lactobacillus curvatus, isolated from kimchi. In a mouse model of 14-day dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, treatment with L. curvatus BYB3 significantly decreased the disease activity index, colon length, and weight loss. Moreover, histological analyses showed that L. curvatus BYB3 protected the structural integrity of the intestinal epithelial layer and mucin-secreting goblet cells from DSS-induced damage, with only slight infiltration by immune cells. To evaluate the molecular mechanisms underlying L. curvatus BYB3-driven inhibition of interleukin 6 production, possible in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of L. curvatus BYB3 were examined in the same mouse model. In addition, significantly lower levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 upregulation were seen in the DSS+BYB3 group (compared to that in the DSS group). These results indicate that L. curvatus BYB3 exhibits health-promoting effects via immune modulation; and therefore, it can be used to treat various inflammatory diseases.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2016

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short amino acids that have been widely used to deliver macromolecules such as proteins, peptides, DNA, or RNA, to control cellular behavior for therapeutic purposes. CPPs have been used to treat immunological diseases through the delivery of immune modulatory molecules in vivo. Their intracellular delivery efficiency is highly synergistic with the cellular characteristics of the dendritic cells (DCs), which actively uptake foreign antigens. DC-based vaccines are primarily generated by pulsing DCs ex vivo with various immunomodulatory antigens. CPP conjugation to antigens would increase DC uptake as well as antigen processing and presentation on both MHC class II and MHC class I molecules, leading to antigen specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses. CPP-antigen based DC vaccination is considered a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy due to the enhanced CTL response. In this review, we discuss the various applications of CPPs in immune modulation and DC vaccination, and highlight the advantages and limitations of the current CPP-based DC vaccination.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2015

Interactions between microbes and epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract are closely associated with regulation of intestinal mucosal immune responses. Recent studies have highlighted the modulation of mucosal immunity by microbe-derived molecules such as ATP and short-chain fatty acids. In this study, we undertook to characterize the expression of the ATP-gated $P2X_7$ receptor ($P2X_7R$) on M cells and its role in gastrointestinal mucosal immune regulation because it was poorly characterized in Peyer's patches, although purinergic signaling via $P2X_7R$ and luminal ATP have been considered to play an important role in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we present the first report on the expression of $P2X_7R$ on M cells and characterize the role of $P2X_7R$ in immune enhancement by ATP or LL-37.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.181-186
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• 2011

Beta-amyloid (A${\beta}$) is considered as one of the major causes of Alzheimer's disease. This study examined the neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid, a naturally occurring polyphenol which is distributed widely in plants, fruits and vegetables, against A${\beta}$-induced toxicity. A${\beta}$ decreased significantly the viability of PC12 cells. This was accompanied by an increase in the intracellular calcium levels and cleaved caspase-3. In addition, A${\beta}$ induced an increase in Bax, and a decrease in Bcl-2 compared to the controls. However, a pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid rescued the PC12 cells from A${\beta}$ by attenuating the elevated intracellular calcium levels and reducing the levels of the apoptosis related proteins, including caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax. These results suggest that the protective effects of chlorogenic acid are, at least in parts, by attenuating the intracellular calcium influx and reducing apoptosis induced by A${\beta}$.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4502-4517
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• 2019

Tone Injection (TI) scheme significantly reduces the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of Multicarrier Modulation (MCM). However, the computational complexity of the TI scheme rises exponentially with the extra freedom constellation number. Therefore, a novel immune evolutionary mechanism-based TI scheme is proposed in this paper to reduce the computational complexity. By restraining undesirable degeneracy during the processing, this IEM scheme can dramatically increase the population fitness. Monte Carlo results show that proposed IEM-based TI scheme can achieve a significant PAPR and BER improvement with a low complexity.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2016

프로바이오틱스는 인체 내에서 정상 균총의 역할을 하며 건강에 도움을 주는 미생물을 의미하며, 식품이나 미생물총에서 유래한 비교적 안전한 균주이다. 프로바이오틱스로 많이 사용되는 젖산균은 소화를 돕고 장내환경을 보호해줄 뿐 아니라 면역조절기능 또한 가지고 있다. 대표적으로 $Th_1$ 반응을 유도하여 $Th_1/Th_2$ 균형을 이루게 하는 것을 중심으로, 알레르겐에 반응하는 IgE 및 침윤된 비만세포와 호산구를 감소시키고 면역 억제 기능이 있는 Treg을 유도함으로 알레르기 반응을 완화시킨다고 알려져 있다. 하지만 프로바이오틱스를 이용한 알레르기 질환에 대한 치료 및 예방 효과는 질병 별로 다르게 나타났다. 아토피 피부염에 대해서는 예방 및 치료 효과가 검증되고 있고 알레르기 비염과 음식물 알레르기에서는 예방 효과는 미미했지만 치료효과에서 긍정적이었다. 기관지 천식의 경우 프로바이오틱스의 예방 및 치료 효과를 거의 볼 수 없었지만, 최근에는 특정 균주가 기관지 천식 환자에서 임상 증상을 향상시킨다는 보고가 있다. 균주의 장내 생존율을 높이고 재조합 유산균을 만드는 백신 기술과 함께 프로바이오틱스는 미래의 안전한 알레르기 예방 및 치료제로서 기대할 수 있을 것이며 지속적인 시장의 확대를 통해 차세대 건강기능식품으로 떠오를 것이다.