• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.365-380
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• 2021

This study aimed to explore the characteristics of scientific observation and reasoning of gifted middle-school students in rock identification. Five rock samples that are considered important as per science textbooks, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, were provided to 19 first-year middle-school students attending a gifted education center. Students were asked to infer the formation process, type, and name of each rock. The results showed that the characteristics of rocks that students primarily paid attention to included color, texture, and structure. Students immediately succeeded in identifying common rocks based on memory; however, meaningful inferences were not made. In case of rocks that students faced difficulty discriminating, significant reasoning processes were revealed through discourse. In addition, although scientific reasoning was properly constructed based on meaningful observations, there were cases wherein rock identification failed. These results will contribute to determining the current level of understanding of middle-school students in rock identification activities and finding ways to provide students with meaningful scientific observation and inference experiences through rock identification in the school field.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.674-677
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• 2005

The characteristics of geothermal resources in Korea was roughly estimated using hot springs, 580 geothermal gradients and 338 heat flow data. In the aspect of hot springs with geologic structure, location of hot springs coincide with fault zone, especially younger age of Cretaceous to Tertiary. In the aspect of geothermal gradients, Pohang area shows the highest geothermal gradient anomaly, which is covered with unconsol idated rock of low thermal conductivity preserving the residual heat from igneous activity or radioactivity elements decay. In the aspect of heat flow density, high anomaly can be found along the zone connecting Uljin-Pohang-Busan on the southeastern part of Korean peninsula at which big fault zone as Yangsan fault is well developed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.393-398
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• 1991

The Buyeo-Cheongyang area, in the south-western area of Gyeonggi massif, comprises Precambrian and Mesozoic metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The original rock of metamorphic rocks was studied by geochemical examination and statistical analyses of the trace elements in the gneisses, schists, shale and granitic rocks. Average abundance of Cu,Cr,Pb,Ni,Co,Mn,Li and Zn elements from gneisses have similar to those from shale and schists. However the gneisses have higher Cr,Ni,Co,Mn,Li abundance than those from the granite. Abundance range and frequency distribution of the trace elements in the gneiss show a marked trend sedimentary origin, that is, standard deviation have far the higer than that of igneous origin. Also it is wide dispersion and irregularly distribution. For that reason, this gneiss is regard as sedimentary original rocks with schists.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.761-769
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• 2007

We made 712 thermal property measurements on igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock samples from Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do and Chungchung-do, Korea. The average thermal conductivities of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are 3.58W/m-K, 4.16W/m-K and 4.53W/m-K, respectively. Thermal conductivity of granite and gneiss are 2.13-5.87W/m-K and 2.26-6.67W/m-K, with average values of 3.57W/m-K and 3.945W/m-K, respectively. The average of thermal diffusivities are $1.43mm^2/sec\;and\;1.55mm^2/sec$, respectively; the average of specific heat values are 0.914J/gK, 0.912J/gK for granite and gneiss samples, respectively. The thermal conductivity of a rock type generally have a wide range because it depends on various factors such as dominant mineral phase, micro-structure, anisotropy, and so on.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics of students lived in volcanic region or not while observing the igneous rocks basalt and granite. For the study we recruited 68 fifth-grade students in Jeju Island, 29 fifthgrade students in Ulleung Island and 61 fifth-grade students in inland area area. This study was conducted as follows: After observing of granite and basalt, the students wrote observations. At the end of observation they also wrote all knowledges about granite and basalt except for the observations. The results are as follows: First, igneous rocks observations did not show a statistically significant difference between regional characteristics variables. Second, the amount of knowledge that students knew about granite and basalt except for the observation facts also did not show significant differences. Third, in the results of qualitative analysis for knowledges about granite and basalt except for the observation facts, many students knew about the igneous origin and about the substance but there were few statements that reflected the characteristics of the location. This results will provide a meaningful implication that the science class must consist of the use a various examples associated with a real-life.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.247-261
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• 1994

Honam Shear Zone is a mylonite zone approximately parallel to the NE-SW trend located southern part of Korea peninsula. Geologic ages and petrogenesis of foliated granites in this zone are as follows: Igneous rocks of this zone are composed of granite gneiss, Paleozoic granites, Songrim granites, Jurassic granites and Cretaceous granites. Foliated granites show deformed phase of Paleozoic and Songrim granites during Daebo Orogeny. And isotopic ages obtained from foliated granites are early Permian to late Triassic period (276~200 Ma). Most of foliated granite masses are igneous complex consisting of a series of differential product of cogenetic magma. The individual rock mass of foliated granites plotted on Harker diagram shows mostly similar trend of calc-alkali series. REE diagram indicates that LREE amount of foliated granites are more enriched than HREE and negative Eu anomalies of them are weaker than those of the other granites. From these data, we suggest the rocks are generated from continental margin under syntectonic environment. Original magma type of foliated granites correspond to I-type, syn-collision type and Hercyano type. In compressive stress field between Ogcheon folded belt and Youngnam massif, foliated granites had formed due to mylonitic deformation. Those facts indicate that magma of foliated granites would had been generated by melting in lower crust or contamination in upper mantle.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.183-191
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• 1981

Major and trace elements analyses are presented for 13 amphibolites by wet chemical and emission spectroscopic methods. These chemical data were compared with limestone and quartzite closely associated with the amphibolites. The chemical similarity of the amphibolites studied to the basic igneous rock and low oxidation ratios (<30) are indicative of the igneous intrusive, especially middle stage differentiates. Petrographic and stratigraphic study of the rocks suggest the more igneous features rather than those of sedimentary progenitors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2007

This study was carried out to know how erosion control function of forests varies as forests develop in watersheds. The erosion control function among the forest welfare functions can be estimated by comparing sediment yield in stocked with non-stocked area. Sediment yield of reservoirs in stocked area were collected from farmland improvement associations. The sediment yields in non-stocked area were using USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) in the same reservoirs. Forests' erosion control function estimated by differences of the sediment yield between stocked and non-stocked area was static model because of no consideration on forest aging. Dynamic model was developed to consider a forest stand age. The model comprises the relationship between average forest age in watershed and sediment yield. The amount of sediment yield was different depending mother rocks. It decreased exponentially according to the forest's grow up. In case of igneous rock, the volume of sediment yield $Y_{ig}=1.4431e\;^{0.023x}$(x=average forest age), metamorphic rock $Y_{me}=4.7115e\;^{0.0694x}$, and sedimentary rock $Y_{se}=1.2808e\;^{0.028x}$.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.91-104
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• 2001

As in Korean environments with mountainous and hilly areas, the rock generally has to be removed in construction or civil engineering work in tunnelling or excavation for development in urban area. Explosives should be used for blasting, which may cause serious problems on local people for their claim for compensation due to ground vibration, noise. For safe and economic blasting, geology and engineering characteristics of rocks such as discontinuities of rock or weathering are very important factors, together with site characteristics for prediction of ground vibration. In this study, conducted were the detailed study for major rocks most widely distributed in the South-east area, in-situ geological survey, geological and geochemical analysis, and further laboratory uniaxial rock stress, seismic velocity of core samples together with in-situ seismic velocity measurements. Regulations on ground vibration and noise were reviewed for assessing their adaptabilities, and a total of 4,856 measured blasting vibration data were examined for enhancing the confidence level in estimating the predictive formulation using scaled distance statistically.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.862-869
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• 2005

This study examined 233 cut slopes in Gyeongnam region; evaluated hazards and slope conditions involved in the slope; and determined the priority order for reinforcement. The conclusions are summarized in the following. (1) The slopes that need reinforcement or maintenance are 153, accounting for 65.6% of the entire slopes. Slopes with a length of $0{\sim}200m$ account for 70.9%; slopes with a height of $10{\sim}20m$ account for over 50%. (2) Slopes with slope of more than 1:0.5 account for 70.9% of the entire slopes. The steepness of the slope is owing to more rock slopes than soil slopes. (3) The percentages of rock slopes, soil slopes, complex slopes mixed with rocks and soil, and slopes comprised of igneous rocks are 54.4%, 24.9%, 20.7%, and 54.1%, respectively. (4) In the rock area occurred cave-in, plain failure, wedge failure, and overturning failure, in order. Slopes with volcanic rocks are the most unstable, while sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks are relatively stable. (5) When the slope height is over 20m, low grade slopes are more than 80%; leading to the conclusion that the higher the slope height is, the more unstable the slope is.