• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.92-100
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• 2008

Experimental studies were conducted to identify the active agents for reductive dechlorination of TCE in cement/Fe(II) systems focusing on cement components such as CaO, $Fe_2O_3$, and $Al_2O_3$. A hematite that was used to simulate an $Fe_2O_3$ component in cement was found to have degradation efficiencies (k = 0.641 $day^{-1}$) equivalent to that of cement/Fe(II) systems in the presence of CaO/Fe(II), only when it contained an aluminum impurity$(Al_2O_3)$. When the effect of $Al_2O_3$ content of hematite/CaO/$Al_2O_3$/Fe(II) system was tested, the mole ratio of $Al_2O_3$ to CaO affected the rate of TCE degradation with an optimum ratio around 1 : 10 that resulted in a rate constant of 0.895 $day^{-1}$. In the SEM images of hematite/CaO/$Al_2O_3$/Fe(II) systems, acicular crystals were also found that were also observed in cement/Fe(II) systems. Thus it was suspected that these crystals were reactive reductants and that they might be goethite or ettringite that are known to have acicular structures. An EDS element map analysis revealed that these crystals were not goethite crystals. A subsequent experiment that tested reactivities of compounds formed during the ettringite synthesis showed that ettringite and minerals associated with ettringite formation are not reactive reductants. These observations conclude that a mineral containing CaO and $Al_2O_3$ with a acicular structure could be a major reactive reductant of cement/Fe(II) systems.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2015

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation(ATMT) of Flammulina velutipes was used to produce a diverse number of transformants to discover the functions of gene that is vital for its variation color, spore pattern and cellulolytic activity. Futhermore, the transformant pool will be used as a good genetic resource for studying gene functions. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was conducted in order to generate intentional mutants of F. velutipes strain KACC42777. Then Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL-1 harboring pBGgHg was transformed into F. velutipes. This method is use to determine the functional gene of F. velutipes. Inverse PCR was used to insert T-DNA into the tagged chromosomal DNA segments and conducting sequence analysis of the F. velutipes. But this experiment had trouble in diverse morphological mutants because of dikaryotic nature of mushroom. It needed to make monokaryotic fruiting varients which introduced genes of compatible mating types. In this study, next generation sequencing data was generated from 28 strains of Flammulina velutipes with different phenotypes using Illumina Hiseq platform. Filtered short reads were initially aligned to the reference genome (KACC42780) to construct a SNP matrix. And then we built a phylogenetic tree based on the validated SNPs. The inferred tree represented that white- and brown- fruitbody forming strains were generally separated although three brown strains, 4103, 4028, and 4195, were grouped with white ones. This topological relationship was consistently reappeared even when we used randomly selected SNPs. Group I containing 4062, 4148, and 4195 strains and group II containing 4188, 4190, and 4194 strains formed early-divergent lineages with robust nodal supports, suggesting that they are independent groups from the members in main clades. To elucidate the distinction between white-fruitbody forming strains isolated from Korea and Japan, phylogenetic analysis was performed using their SNP data with group I members as outgroup. However, no significant genetic variation was noticed in this study. A total of 28 strains of Flammulina velutipes were analyzed to identify the genomic regions responsible for producing white-fruiting body. NGS data was yielded by using Illumina Hiseq platform. Short reads were filtered by quality score and read length were mapped on the reference genome (KACC42780). Between the white- and brown fruitbody forming strains. There is a high possibility that SNPs can be detected among the white strains as homozygous because white phenotype is recessive in F. velutipes. Thus, we constructed SNP matrix within 8 white strains. SNPs discovered between mono3 and mono19, the parental monokaryotic strains of 4210 strain (white), were excluded from the candidate. If the genotypes of SNPs detected between white and brown strains were identical with those in mono3 and mono19 strains, they were included in candidate as a priority. As a result, if more than 5 candidates SNPs were localized in single gene, we regarded as they are possibly related to the white color. In F. velutipes genome, chr01, chr04, chr07,chr11 regions were identified to be associated with white fruitbody forming. White and Brown Fruitbody strains can be used as an identification marker for F. veluipes. We can develop some molecular markers to identify colored strains and discriminate national white varieties against Japanese ones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1972

It has intended to identify the members of the Genus Lespedeza in Korea by a chemical colour reaction, and the following five species of the Genus Lespedeza grown in the garden have been used in this experiment. 1. Lespedeza bicolor Turcz 2. Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha (Nak.) T. Lee 3. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. 4. Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai 5. Lespedeza maritima Nakai 6. Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider 7. Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai A few drops of each solution of $K_2Cr_2O_7$. $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, $FeCl_3$, $KH_2PO_4$, $KMnO_4$, $NH_4OH$, and HCl was added to the methanol extracts of wood dust to get the specific colour reaction. HCl-infused wood was also used for the identification of L. bicolor var. melanantha and L. bicolor. The results can be summarized as the following key; 1. Chrome lemon by $K_2Cr_2O_7$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$2 1. Sun flower yellow by $K_2Cr_2O_7$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai 2. $KH_2PO_4$ Oystem white by $KH_2PO_4$; golden yellow by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$=3 2. Cream colour by $KH_2PO_4$=6 3. Oyster white by $NH_4OH$; corn colour by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$4 3. Cream colcur by $NH_4OH$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$5 4. Van dyke brown by $KMnO_4$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$; sea shell pink by HCl injection under heating ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai 4. Sepia colour by $KMnO_4$; honey colour by HCl injection under heating ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maritima Nakai 5. Golden red by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$; andover green by HCl-infused wood dust ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha (Nak.) T. Lee 5. Yellow ochre by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$; sand warm gray by HCl-infused wood dust ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza bicolor Turcz 6. Amber green by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. 6. Leather brown by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to characterize equine heat-shock protein (Hsp) genes and analyze their expression pattern in various horse tissues and blood leukocytes after exercise. In a previous study, RNA sequencing of blood and skeletal muscles of thoroughbreds before and after exercise was performed using differently expressed gene (DEG) analysis. Three Hsp genes (HspH1, Hsp90${\alpha}$ and Hsp70) were selected by DEG analysis and were found to be differentially expressed in either blood or muscle. To validate and extend previous observations on these genes, we performed RT-PCR analyses of horse tissue as well as real-time qPCR analyses of blood leukocytes after exercise. mRNA expression of these Hsp genes was found to be ubiquitous in the analyzed tissues (including thyroid, colon, skeletal muscle, cecum, kidney, spinal cord, heart, and lung). In addition, Hsp mRNA expression of these genes in extracted whole blood increased after 120 minutes of exercise compared to the baseline condition. These results are in agreement with the results of human and other experimental animals, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms that are responsible for upregulation of Hsp gene transcription may be conserved among species. Further investigations to correlate Hsp gene expression patterns with athletic performance or recovery processes after exercise are warranted.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 1998

The HLA genes located in the short arm of chromosome 6 specify heterodimeric glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune response. Recently, in the elucidation of HLA polymorphism, serological and cellular typing methods have been replaced by DNA typing using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The purpose of this study was to establish the HLA DNA typing methods and determine gene frequencies of HLA molecules in Koreans. PCR-SSP (sequence specific primers) and PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) techniques were used for the analysis of HLA-A, -B, -C, DRBl genes and HLA-DQAl, DQBl, DPBl genes, respectively. The results of B-lymphoblastoid cells used for control experiment were consistent with the previous data identified in the 11th International Histocompatibility Workshop. Seventeen, 23, 16, 8, 16, 13 and 37 types of HLA-A, B, C, DQAl, DQBl, DPBl and DRBl alleles were found, respectively, in a total of unrelated 120 Korean individuals. The most frequent HLA alleles were $A^*$02 (27.0%), B$^*$40 (17.6%), Cw$^*$01 (19.2%), DQAl$^*$0301 (32.1%), DQBl$^*$0303 (12.9%), DPBl$^*$0501 (31.3%) and DRBl$^*$1501 (9.2%) among Koreans. This study shows that DNA typing method using PCR technique is a relatively simple, fast and practical tool for the determination of the HLA-class I and II genes. Moreover, the data of HLA gene frequencies could be useful for the Korean database before clinical applications, including organ and unrelated bone marrow transplantation, anthropological study, disease association and individual identification.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.341-350
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• 2009

The research work was carried out to study the pathogenesis covering the clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions in different organs, and reisolation and identification of the organisms after experimental infection with the local isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar. enterica subspecies (S.) Pullorum at different time interval of the experiment during the period February 2006 to December 2006. One hundred pullets (seronegative to S. Pullorum of 12 weeks age were purchased and divided into 5 (A, B, C, D and E) groups and each group consisted of 20 birds. Four groups (A, B, C and D) were infected orally with a dose of $10^6\;CFU$, $10^7\;CFU$, $2{\times}10^7\;CFU$, $10^8\;CFU$ of S. Pullorum, respectively, and one group (E) was treated as uninfected control. The used methods were necropsy and histopathology, culture of bacteria, staining and biochemical test of Salmonella. Five birds from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed $1^{st}$ week, $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ weeks of post infection (PI). From all the groups, the bacteriological samples (crop, liver, lung, heart, spleen, bile duodenum, ceca and blood) were collected with pre enriched in buffered peptone water in sterile poly bags. Liver, lungs, heart, spleen, intestine, etc. were collected in 10% buffered-formalin for histopathological examination. No clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions were found in control group and no S. Pullorum was reisolated. Clinical sign of experimentally infected with S. Pullorum in pullets were loss of appetite (100%), slight depression (75%), ruffled feathers (85%), diarrhea (60%) and loss of weight (100%) in chickens. The feed intake and body weight at different weeks after PI differed significantly (p<0.01) among the groups. Grossly, the highest recorded lesion was button-like ulcer in the ceca (80%) and the lowest was white nodules in lungs (1.25%). S. Pullorum were reisolated from crop (91.25%), liver (91.25%), lung (83.75%), heart (71.25%), spleen (87.75%), bile (33.25%), duodenum (92.50%), ceca (97.50%) and from different group of infection (61.25%). The highest microscopic findings were intestinal and cecal mucosa and submucosa exhibited infiltration of mononuclear cells and congestion (96.25%), and the lowest finding was nodule formation in the lungs (3.75%). The pattern of the disease production by local isolate of S. Pullorum in Bangladesh is almost similar with other isolates in different countries.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.641-648
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• 2008

There has been great success for making transgenic animals using somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT) up to this time. However, the success rates of the production of live transgenic animals are still very low. The current research has been carried out for delineation of differentially expressed genes between SCNT and normal placenta in cattle. In the present observations, high expression has been observed for CTSZ, LOC509426 and ELF1 genes in normal placenta. On the other hand, TIMP2, PAG1B, PAG-21, LOC782894, SERPINB6 and mKIAA2025 protein were highly expressed in SCNT placenta. Five genes, which were highly expressed in SCNT placenta, have been further investigated using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. The results were similar to that we observed using ACP. In the future, all genes affecting the SCNT and normal placenta have to be discovered and their networks will be fully investigated. The genes were identified in this study would be great help for identifying differential gene expressions in SCNT placenta.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2018

Soybean sprouts have good digestibility, high isoflavone content compared with soybean seeds, and large amounts of aspartic acid, which is effective in eliminating hangovers. However, the region between the cotyledon and hypocotyl in soybean sprouts appears purple, the product value of soybean sprouts reduces. To date, the scientific correlation among factors such as growth temperature, spray water temperature, and cultivation periods for soybean varieties related to purple color expression between the cotyledon and hypocotyl of soybean sprouts are unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors regulating the expression of purple color between the cotyledon and hypocotyl of soybean sprouts. Of 15 Korean soybean varieties with purple color in the hypocotyls and flowers, 9 varieties, including Sowonkong, Wonhwang, Sinhwa, Eunhakong, Pungsannamulkong, Paldonamulkong, Kwangankong, Shingang, and Jangki showed purple color between the cotyledon and hypocotyl of sprouts. However, the remaining six cultivars, including Dachae, Myeongjunamulkong, Sobaeknamulkong, Sojinnamulkong, Anpyeong, and Jonam, did not show purple color. The proportion of soybean sprouts with purple hypocotyls was the lowest at $26^{\circ}C$ and there was no significant difference at the other three cultivation temperature conditions ($17^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $23^{\circ}C$). Similar to the results of the cultivation temperature experiment at five different spray water temperatures ($10^{\circ}C$, $17^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, and $26^{\circ}C$), the proportion of soybean sprouts with purple hypocotyls was the highest at the lowest spray water temperature ($10^{\circ}C$), and lowest at the highest temperature. Additionally, there was no purple color expression in soybean sprout hypocotyls on the $3^{rd}$ day after soybean sprouting. However, the highest expression level was observed on the $4^{th}$ day. Then, on the $5^{th}$ day, the proportion of soybean sprouts with purple hypocotyls reduced significantly, compared with that on the $4^{th}$ day. The results showed that interaction among these factors under cultivation conditions was remarkably effective for the expression of purple color in hypocotyls under the dark condition. These results suggested that cultivation temperature and spray water temperature for purple color expression in soybean sprout hypocotyls are the most important factors in the sprout cultivation environment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1254-1260
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• 2010

Microorganisms near the plant rhizosphere usually inhabit the surface or the inside of the plant roots and have a direct effect on plant growth by secreting plant growth promoters or antagonistic materials which protect the root zone system from various pathogens. This study was carried out to identify and isolate the antagonistic materials after isolation of microorganisms showing high antagonistic activities, in hopes of contributing to the development of sustainable agriculture and the preservation of agricultural environments. A number of antagonistic bacteria were isolated from paddy soil. Among isolates, RRj 228 showed plant growth promotion and antagonistic activity. RRj 228 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. according to the results of physiological properties and genetic methods. On the basis of the results of anti-fungal spectrum against several pathogens by RRj 228, the antagonistic effect of the isolate against Botrytis cinerea, Pythium ultimum, Phytopthola capsici, and Rhizoctonia solani, especially against red-pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, was remarkable. The experiment evaluating the biological control effect by RRj 228 revealed that the $ED_{50}$ value by the RRj 228 culture against C. acutatum, R. solani and P. ultimum were 0.14 mg/ml, 0.16 mg/ml and 0.29 mg/ml, respectively. An antagonistic substance was isolated and purified by several chromatographies from the RRj 228 culture. The $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ assignment of the antagonistic substance was achieved from two-dimensional $^1H-^1H$ COSY, HMQC, and HMBC. Finally, the antagonistic substance was identified as Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid ($C_{13}H_8N_2O_2$, M.W.=224).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.1 s.38
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• pp.1-10
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• 1979

An inclusion forming virus isolated from a fan webworm, Hyphantria cunea, in 1975 was identified as a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. With the virus isolated in Korea, it was considered that the virus would be one of the valuable microorganism in microbial control. In this connection, 1) the shape and size of the virus for identification, 2) susceptibility of the various instar larvae to the virus, 3) the effects of storage condition on the pathogenicity and the cross infection of the virus to the larvae of Bombyx mori were examined. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The polyhedron was tetrahedron or hexahedron of $2\mu$ in size and the rod-shaped virus particles consisting of $2\~14$ rods in a bundle were $330m{\mu}\times35m{\mu}$ in size. 2. The hexagonal nuclear polyhedra were found only in the nucleus of the midgut cells but were variable in size. 3. The $LD_{50}$ values for the various instar larvae of H. cunea were $8.377\times10^4\;PIBs/ml$ for the second, $4.974\times10^5\;PIBs/ml$ for the fifth instar larvae. The $LT_{50}values$ for $10^6\;PIBs/ml$ were 9.6 days for the second, 11.5 days for the third, 12.0 days for the fourth and 17 days for the fifth instar larvae. 4. The susceptibility of H. cunea to the nuclear polyhedrosis virus was greater in the first generation than in the second generation. 5. The effect of the storage conditions on the pathogenicity of the nuclear polyhedra was less in refrigerator $(5^{\circ}C)$ and in freezing $(-80^{\circ}C)$ than in room temperature $(18.5^{\circ}C)$, especially as air-dried polyhedra than as suspension. The pathogenicity of the polyhedra seemed to decrease by sunlight during storage as cadavers, since rather greater decrease in pathogenicity was found in sunny condition than in shady condition. 6. The effective spray concentration was $6.4\times10^7\;PIBs/ml$ in the field and its $LT_50$ values for the third and the fifth instar larvae were 4.8 days and 14.2 days, respectively. 7. No cross infections were found in the nuclear polyhedrosis virus between H. cunea and B. mori. larvae.